兰州台阵噪声水平分析

doi:10.12196/j.issn.1000-3274.2025.03.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 兰州台阵(LZDM)是国际监测系统(IMS)中的50个基本台站之一, 该台阵显著提升了甘肃省兰州市及其周边地区对微震活动的监测能力。为了对兰州台阵的背景噪声水平进行评估, 本研究利用Welch平均周期图法, 对兰州台阵9个子台在2018—2022年间记录到的连续波形数据进行了系统处理, 采用功率谱密度和功率谱概率密度函数方法, 对兰州台阵不同时间维度下的背景噪声水平进行分析。分析得到了噪声的频率域特征和周期性变化, 并对噪声源进行调查分析, 最后根据兰州台阵的真实情况对数据处理提出针对性建议。研究结果显示, 所有子台长周期噪声的功率谱密度呈现出显著的年变化特征, 且这种变化具有明显的周期性规律, 5—9月减小, 9月至次年5月增高。所有子台短周期噪声功率谱密度较高, 且呈现出显著的日变化和年变化特征。 3 Hz附近的噪声水平达到峰值, 可通过窄带滤波予以压制。由于A0、 B2子台受到道路车辆行驶的影响, 7～20 Hz频段的高频噪声PSD值较高, 分别达到-100 dB和-110 dB, 可通过低通滤波或聚束进行压制。相较其他子台, B4子台仪器故障情况较多, 必要时可排除该子台数据。本文的研究成果可为兰州台阵波形数据的处理和台阵的运维提供重要的参考依据。

关键词: 兰州台阵, 背景噪声, 功率谱密度, 功率谱, 概率密度函数

Abstract: LZDM is one of the 50 primary stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS), and the capacity to monitor microseismic activity in Lanzhou and its surrounding areas has been significantly enhanced by LZDM. Welch average periodogram method was used to estimate the background noise level of LZDM. The continuous waveform data recorded by nine elements of LZDM during 2018—2022 were systematically processed, and two methods, Power Spectral Density and Power Spectral Probability Density Function, were used to analyze the background noise in different time dimensions. The characteristics of noise in the frequency domain and cyclical variation were analyzed, and the noise sources were surveyed. Finally, suggestions on data processing were put forward considering the actual situation of Lanzhou Array. The research result shows that the power spectral density of long-period noise for nine elements showed significant annual variation with periodicity: It decreased from May to September and increased from September to May of the next year. The power spectral densities of short-period noise for nine elements were relatively high and showed significant diurnal and annual variation. The noise level near 3 Hz reached the peak and could be suppressed by narrowband filtering. Because A0 and B2 were affected by road traffic, the PSD values between 7 and 20 Hz were relatively high for the two elements, which reached -100 dB and -110 dB respectively, and could be suppressed by low-pass filtering or beamforming techniques. There were more instrument malfunctions with B4 compared to the other elements, and its data could be excluded when necessary. The research results of this paper could provide important references for the data processing and operation and maintenance of Lanzhou array.

Key words: Lanzhou array, Background noise, Power spectral density, Power spectral, Probability density function

中图分类号:

P315.6

李芯瑞, 郝春月. 兰州台阵噪声水平分析[J]. 地震, 2025, 45(3): 121-135.

LI Xin-rui, HAO Chun-yue. Noise Level Analysis of the Lanzhou Array[J]. EARTHQUAKE, 2025, 45(3): 121-135.

参考文献

[1] Husebye E S, Ruud B O, Litehiser J J. Array seismology—Past, present and future developments[J]. Observatory Seismology, 2018: 123-153.
[2] Douglas A. Seismometer arrays—their use in earthquake and test ban seismology[M]//International Geophysics. San Diego: Academic Press, 2002, 81: 357-367.
[3] Ghosh A, Vidale J E, Sweet J I, et al. Tremor patches in Cascadia revealed by seismic array analysis[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2009, 36(17): L17316.
[4] Rost S, Thomas C. Array seismology: Methods and applications[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2002, 40(3): 1008.
[5] Rost S, Thomas C. Improving seismic resolution through array processing techniques[J]. Surveys in Geophysics, 2009, 30(4-5): 271-299.
[6] Krüger F, Baumann M, Scherbaum F, et al. Mid mantle scatterers near the Mariana slab detected with a double array method[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28(4): 667-670.
[7] 许健生, 赵仪全, 苏向州, 等.兰州大尖山地震台阵勘址[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 2006, 27(S1): 51-57.
XU Jian-sheng, ZHAO Yi-quan, SU Xiang-zhou, et al. The site survey for Dajian Mountain seismic array in Lanzhou[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 2006, 27(S1): 51-57 (in Chinese).
[8] 郑重, 徐智强.海拉尔兰州核查地震台阵的勘址和地动噪声功率谱的计算[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 2000, 21(6): 11-18.
ZHENG Zhong, XU Zhi-qiang. Array site survey for two new IMS primary stations in China and their power spectrum estimations of ground motion noise[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 2000, 21(6): 11-18 (in Chinese).
[9] 许健生, 李建, 刘旭, 等.兰州大尖山地震台阵建设[J]. 西北地震学报, 2005, 27(S1): 27-30.
XU Jian-sheng, LI Jian, LIU Xu, et al. The construction of Lanzhou Dajianshan seismic array[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 2005, 27(S1): 27-30 (in Chinese).
[10] 郝春月, 郑重, 周公威.兰州台阵勘址测点的功率谱估计与分析[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 2002, 23(3): 53-58.
HAO Chun-yue, ZHENG Zhong, ZHOU Gong-wei.The estimation and analysis of power spectrum for Lanzhou seismic array survey sites[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 2002, 23(3): 53-58 (in Chinese).
[11] 郝春月, 郑重, 牟磊育.兰州台阵勘址测点对相干函数的计算与分析[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 2002, 23(4): 29-33.
HAO Chun-yue, ZHENG Zhong, MU Lei-yu, et al. The calculation and analysis of coherency for the survey site pairs of Lanzhou seismic array[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 2002, 23(4): 29-33 (in Chinese).
[12] 郝春月, 牟磊育, 马牧军, 等.兰州台阵勘址测点均方根值的计算与分析[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 2003, 24(5): 60-63.
HAO Chun-yue, MU Lei-yu, MA Mu-jun, et al. The calculation and analysis of root mean square for Lanzhou seismic array survey sites[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 2003, 24(5): 60-63 (in Chinese).
[13] 郝春月, 郑重, 周公威.兰州台阵勘址测点相关值曲线的计算分析与初选台阵评估[J]. 地震学报, 2003, 25(6): 608-614
HAO Chun-yue, ZHENG Zhong, ZHOU Gong-wei. The calculation and analysis of correlation for Lanzhou seismic array site survey and the estimation of array response[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2003, 25(6): 608-614 (in Chinese).
[14] 王娟, 邱宏茂, 张波, 等.兰州海拉尔核查地震台阵聚束波束配置方法研究[J]. 核电子学与探测技术, 2010, 30(1): 43-47.
WANG Juan, QIU Hong-mao, ZHANG Bo, et al. The research for beam deployment for LZDM and HILR verification seismic array in NDC[J]. Nuclear Electronics & Detection Technology, 2010, 30(1): 43-47 (in Chinese).
[15] 王娟, 邱宏茂, 张波, 等.兰州和海拉尔核查地震台阵慢度和方位角校正方法研究[J]. 西北地震学报, 2010, 32(4): 330-333.
WANG Juan, QIU Hong-mao, ZHANG Bo, et al. Research on method of slowness-azimuth station corrections for LZDM and HILR verification seismic arrays[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 2010, 32(4): 330-333 (in Chinese).
[16] Hao C Y, Zheng Z. Slowness-azimuth corrections of teleseismic events for IMS primary arrays in China[J]. Journal of Seismology, 2009, 13: 437-448.
[17] Hao C Y, Zheng Z. P-wave back-azimuth and slowness anomalies observed by an IMS seismic array LZDM[J]. Bulletin of The Seismological Society of America, 2010, 100(2): 657-669.
[18] 沈旭章, 梅秀苹, 张淑珍, 等.兰州台阵响应函数及不同方位小地震事件FK分析结果[J]. 西北地震学报, 2010, 32(1): 59-64.
SHEN Xu-zhang, MEI Xiu-ping, ZHANG Shu-zhen, et al. The array response function of Lanzhou seismic array and results of FK analysis for small earthquakes in different azimuths[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 2010, 32(1): 59-64 (in Chinese).
[19] 虞国平, 张淑珍, 秦满忠, 等.兰州地震台阵监测能力研究[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 2013, 34(5): 248-251.
YU Guo-ping, ZHANG Shu-zhen, QIN Man-zhong, et al. The study of monitoring ability of Lanzhou seismic array[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 2013, 34(5): 248-251 (in Chinese).
[20] 秦满忠, 沈旭章, 张元生, 等.利用兰州小孔径地震台阵资料叠加观测走时曲线[J]. 地震学报, 2014, 36(1): 59-69.
QIN Man-zhong, SHEN Xu-zhang, ZHANG Yuan-sheng, et al. Observed travel-time curves by stacking records from Lanzhou small aperture seismic array[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2014, 36(1): 59-69 (in Chinese).
[21] 张淑珍, 杜建清, 周扬, 等.兰州地震台阵环境噪声调研分析[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 2020, 41(6): 90-95.
ZHANG Shu-zhen, DU Jian-qing, ZHOU Yang, et al. Investigation and analysis of environmental noise of Lanzhou seismic array[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 2020, 41(6): 90-95 (in Chinese).
[22] 刘旭宙, 沈旭章, 李秋生, 等.青藏高原东北缘宽频带地震台阵远震记录波形及背景噪声分析[J]. 地球学报, 2014, 35(6): 759-768.
LIU Xu-zhou, SHEN Xu-zhang, LI Qiu-sheng, et al. An analysis of the tele-seismic waveforms and ambient noise of temporary broadband seismic array on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Geoscientia Sinica, 2014, 35(6): 759-768 (in Chinese).
[23] 郑重, 郝春月, 黄昭, 等.漳州地震台阵背景噪声的特性研究[J]. 中国地震, 2016, 32(3): 454-464.
ZHENG Zhong, HAO Chun-yue, HUANG Zhao, et al. Research of background noise characteristics of the Zhangzhou seismic array[J]. Earthquake Research in China, 2016, 32(3): 454-464 (in Chinese).
[24] 王松, 胡德军, 房立华.西昌流动地震台阵背景噪声特征分析[J]. 四川地震, 2016(3): 15-18.
WANG Song, HU De-jun, FANG Li-hua. Research on the ambient noise characteristics of the mobile seismic array in Xichang[J]. Earthquake Research in Sichuan, 2016(3): 15-18 (in Chinese).
[25] 颜文华, 张元生, 秦满忠, 等.甘东南地区宽频带地震台阵背景噪声特征分析[J]. 地震学报, 2016, 38(5): 719-727.
YAN Wen-hua, ZHANG Yuan-sheng, QIN Man-zhong, et al. Characteristics of ambient seismic noise of broadband seismic array in the southeastern Gansu region[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2016, 38(5): 719-727 (in Chinese).
[26] 杨千里, 郝春月, 田鑫.新疆和田台阵PSD与PDF分析[J]. 地球物理学报, 2019, 62(7): 2591-2606.
YANG Qian-li, HAO Chun-yue, TIAN Xin. Ambient noise analysis by the technology of PSD and PDF in Hotan seismic array[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2019, 62(7): 2591-2606 (in Chinese).
[27] 李俊, 陈依伲, 张明, 等.浙江临安地震台阵勘选测试与背景噪声水平分析[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 2020, 41(6): 47-53.
LI Jun, CHEN Yi-ni, ZHANG Ming, et al. Investigation and deployment of a seismic array in Lin'an, Zhejiang Province[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 2020, 41(6): 47-53 (in Chinese).
[28] 高源, 张珂, 王鑫, 等. 内蒙古锡林郭勒区域科学台阵台址勘选背景噪声[J]. 华北地震科学, 2020, 38(3): 32-37.
GAO Yuan, ZHANG Ke, WANG Xin, et al. Background noise analysis of the site exploration of scientific seismic array in Xilinguole region, Inner Mongolia[J]. North China Earthqauke Sciences, 2020, 38(3): 32-37 (in Chinese).
[29] 田原, 瞿辰, 王伟涛, 等. 四川盐源盆地短周期密集台阵背景噪声分布特征分析[J]. 地球物理学报, 2020, 63(6): 2248-2261.
TIAN Yuan, QU Chen, WANG Wei-tao, et al. Characteristics of the ambient noise distribution recorded by the dense seismic array in the Yanyuan Basin, Sichuan Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2020, 63(6): 2248-2261 (in Chinese).
[30] 白永福, 高翔, 张伟, 等. 海拉尔台阵数据功率谱分析[J]. 防灾减灾学报, 2020, 36(2): 49-55.
BAI Yong-fu, GAO Xiang, ZHANG Wei, et al. Analysis of the array data power spectrum in Hailar[J]. Seismological Research of Northeast China, 2020, 36(2): 49-55 (in Chinese).
[31] 胡宝慧, 常金龙, 姜博, 等. 鹤岗地震台阵勘选数据分析[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 2020, 41(6): 32-37.
HU Bao-hui, CHANG Jin-long, JIANG Bo, et al. Data analysis of site selection survey for the Hegang seismic array[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 2020, 41(6): 32-37 (in Chinese).
[32] 王良, 王杰民, 孙庆文, 等. 海地震台阵勘选测试及数据相关性分析[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 2022, 43(6): 67-75.
WANG Liang, WANG Jie-min, SUN Qing-wen, et al. Survey test of Weihai seismic array and correlation analysis of data[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 2022, 43(6): 67-75 (in Chinese).
[33] 王志宇.海拉尔台阵噪声水平估计与相关性分析及在朝鲜爆炸事件中的应用[D]. 北京: 中国地震局地球物理研究所, 2023.
WANG Zhi-yu. Correlation analysis and noise level estimation and application in North Korea explosion events of Hailar array[D]. Beijing: Institute of Geophysics, China Eatherquake Administration, 2023 (in Chinese).
[34] McNamara D E, Buland R P. Ambient noise levels in the continental United States[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2004, 94(4): 1517-1527.
[35] Welch P D. The use of Fast Fourier Transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 1967, 15(2): 70-73.
[36] 赵仲和, 牟磊育, 林向东.地震记录处理技术[M]. 北京: 地震出版社, 2022.
ZHAO Zhong-he, MU Lei-yu, LIN Xiang-dong. Seismic data processing techniques[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 2022 (in Chinese).
[37] 刘旭宙, 沈旭章, 张元生, 等.基于噪声概率密度函数的地震计观测性能对比[J]. 地震学报, 2018, 40(4): 461-470.
LIU Xu-zhou, SHEN Xu-zhang, ZHANG Yuan-sheng, et al. Comparison on different seismometers performance based on probability density functions[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2018, 40(4): 461-470 (in Chinese).
[38] Longuet-Higgins M S. A theory of the origin of microseisms[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1950, 243(857): 1-35.
[39] Bormann P. New manual of seismological observatory practice (NMSOP-2)[M]. Potsdam: GeoForschungsZentrum German Research Centre for Geosciences, 2012.
[40] Ardhuin F, Stutzmann E, Schimmel M, et al. Ocean wave sources of seismic noise[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011, 116(C9): C09004.
[41] 赵玲云, 王伟涛, 王芳, 等.噪声源的时空分布及其对噪声互相关函数的影响以ChinArray二期数据为例[J]. 地球物理学报, 2021, 64(12): 4327-4340.
ZHAO Ling-yun, WANG Wei-tao, WANG Fang, et al. The distribution of noise source both in space and time and its influence on noise cross-correlation functions[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2021, 64(12): 4327-4340 (in Chinese).
[42] Peterson J. Observations and modeling of seismic background noise[R]. Reston: US Geological Survey, 1993: 93-322.