前震研究进展综述

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 介绍了当前国内外前震研究领域的一些进展。对比了不同前震定义条件下前震序列的共性特征, 对几种主要的前震机理及主要的前震识别方法进行了简要综述, 对其特点及存在的问题进行了评述和讨论。前震指主震之前在主震断层面上、紧邻主震破裂起始点发生的小地震。主震发生之前的一系列前震活动构成前震序列。在不同的前震定义条件下, 具有“直接前震”的震例比例从10%至40%不等。理论上前震可用级联应力触发或预滑动模型进行解释。前震空间上主要集中分布在距离主震10~75 km范围内, 但其时间分布形式复杂, 大多发生在主震前1~2天, 部分前震序列的地震活动率显示明显的加速特征, 但许多前震序列单独来看却往往显示主-余型序列的衰减特征。序列地震震源机制一致、序列b值偏低是前震序列最突出的特征。前震的发生与主震破裂形式和构造环境似有一定关系, 在有限的前震震例中, 逆冲型主震似乎具有相对较多的前震。部分震例的研究结果显示, 随主震的临近, 前震震源深度有逐渐下迁的特点。到目前为止, 震前很难判定一次地震或一个地震序列是否为前震或前震序列, 所使用的前震识别主要有基于统计类比的方法、基于震源机制一致及衍生的相关方法以及基于对地震成核过程精细检测的方法。从现有不多的震例研究结果来看, 尽管地震时空丛集和震源机制高度一致是前震序列的最显著特征, 但却不是判定前震序列的充分条件。由于成核的破裂扩展速度和滑动位移有随时间较快增大的趋势, 因而基于对地震成核过程精细检测的方法有望在前震识别中发挥更为重要的作用, 但需更多震例进行验证。

关键词: 前震, 前震序列, 前震识别, 前震机理

Abstract: This paper briefly introduces current progress in the field of foreshock research, both in China and abroad. We contrast common characteristics and the mechanism of foreshocks and foreshock sequence under the different definitions of foreshocks. The main recognition methods of foreshock and its characteristics and existing problems are reviewed and discussed. Foreshocks are small earthquakes that occurred before the mainshock and adjacent to the main source location. Foreshocks sequence is consisted of a series of foreshock activities occurred before the mainshock. The proportion of earthquake cases includes direct foreshock ranged from 10~40% at different defined conditions of foreshock. Theoretically, cascade model or pre-slid model can explain foreshock. Foreshocks are mainly concentrated in the range of 10~75 km off the mainshock, but its time distribution form is very complicated, mostly 1 to 2 days before mainshock, the seismicity rate of part of foreshock sequences show significant acceleration features, but many foreshock sequences often show attenuation characteristics of mainshock-aftershock sequences. The most prominent feature of foreshocks is consistency of focal mechanism and low b value of earthquake sequence. Foreshocks seem to have a certain relationship with tectonic environment and the rupture form of mainshock, and in some cases, the dip-thrusting earthquakes seem to have relatively more foreshocks. Some earthquake cases show that focal depth of foreshocks gradually moves downward with the mainshock approaching. So far, it is difficult to determine whether an earthquake or an earthquake sequence is foreshock or foreshock sequence before earthquake, the identification method of foreshock mainly including statistical method of analogy, focal consistent mechanism and related derivative method, the fine detection of earthquake nucleation process. From the few existing studies of earthquake cases, in spite of temporal earthquake clusters and focal consistent mechanism are the most significant features of foreshock sequence, not sufficient condition for judgment foreshock sequence. Due to the rupture rate of expansion and sliding displacement have a tendency to increase faster over time, thus the method of the fine detection of earthquake nucleation process is expected to play a more important role in the identification of foreshock.

Key words: Foreshocks, Foreshocks identification, Mechanism of foreshocks, Earthquake prediction

中图分类号:

P315.7

周少辉, 蒋海昆. 前震研究进展综述[J]. 地震, 2016, 36(3): 1-13.

ZHOU Shao-hui, JIANG Hai-kun. A Review of Foreshock Research[J]. EARTHQUAKE, 2016, 36(3): 1-13.

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