福建地区地震温泉地球化学观测网点勘选方法及指标探索

doi:10.12196/j.issn.1000-3274.2024.04.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 温泉与构造和地震密切相关, 温泉地球化学可用于构造研究和地震预测, 但关于如何选择温泉连续观测点的研究则较少报道。本文通过对2020年9月—2023年9月福建全区温泉与中国台湾地震的相关性分析, 总结了温泉观测网点选择及映震灵敏组分判定的方法。据此构建了流体地球化学观测网并应用于预测实践, 还在2022年9月18日中国台湾M_L6.8地震中得到验证。方法的核心是应用温泉逸出气的氦、氖、碳同位素, 探寻具有深部循环、携带丰富深部信息的温泉观测点。这些温泉点的突出特点是温泉气中幔源同位素示踪流体的贡献大, 具体表现为幔源氦占比和δ13C_CO₂均超区域均值、 δ13C_CO₂测值明显偏离其与CO₂体积百分比的拟合线, 且这些温泉点大多位于断裂带交会处, 断裂多深切到莫霍面。研究团队在这些温泉点采集水样进行水化学主量离子连续观测, 并在具丰富逸出气的南埕自冒泉开展气体流速连续观测。通过阈值分析法将观测结果与中国台湾区域6级以上地震进行相关性分析, 统计各观测点及各测项的映震能力, 并应用R值评估法进行预报效能评估。评估结果排名靠前且映震效能高者可最终选定为潜在的有效流体地球化学地震监测点。研究结果可为地震行业勘选温泉地球化学监测站场址和有效的地震前兆观测项目提供参考指标、实操方法及实例借鉴。

关键词: 温泉地球化学, 幔源氦占比, δ13C_CO₂, 短临预测, 映震灵敏组分, 勘选指标

Abstract: Hot springs are closely related to tectonics and earthquakes. There is a consensus that hot spring geochemistry can be used for tectonic research and earthquake prediction. However, there is little disclosure on how to select continuous observation points for hot springs. Based on the correlation analysis between the hot springs in Fujian and the earthquakes in Taiwan, China from September 2020 to September 2023, this paper summarizes the methods for selecting hot spring observation sites and determining the sensitive components of seismic reflection. Based on this, a fluid geochemical observation network was constructed and applied to prediction practice, successfully predicting the M_L6.8 earthquake in Taiwan, China on September 18, 2022. The core of the method is to use helium, neon, and carbon isotopes from hot springs to explore hot springs with deep circulation and rich deep information. The outstanding characteristics of these hot springs are the large contribution of mantle source fluid in hot spring gas, reflected in the high ratio of mantle source helium and the mean value of the δ13C_CO₂ double high region, the significant deviation of δ13C_CO₂ measured value from the fitting line with CO₂ volume percentage, the intersection of structural fault zones, and the fact that most faults reach deep into the Moho plane. Water samples were collected from these hot springs for continuous observation of water chemical major ions, and the gas flow rate of Nancheng spontaneous spring with abundant escaping gas was continuously observed. The correlation analysis between the observation results and the earthquakes above M6 in the Taiwan, China was carried out by using the threshold analysis method. The seismic mapping capability of each observation point and each measurement item was calculated, and the R-value evaluation method was applied to evaluate prediction efficiency. Those with high evaluation results and high seismic mapping efficiency could be finally selected as potential effective fluid geochemical seismic monitoring points. The results can be used as a reference for selecting sites for hot spring geochemical monitoring stations and effective earthquake precursor observation projects in the earthquake industry.

Key words: Geochemistry of hot springs, The proportion of mantle derived helium, δ13C_CO₂, Short term and imminent prediction, Reflective seismic sensitive components, Selection indicators

中图分类号:

P315.7

廖丽霞, 周跃勇, 邓聪, 黄艳丹. 福建地区地震温泉地球化学观测网点勘选方法及指标探索[J]. 地震, 2024, 44(4): 209-224.

LIAO Li-xia, ZHOU Yue-yong, DENG Cong, HUANG Yan-dan. Research on the Selection Method of Seismic Hot Spring Observation Network Points and Exploration of Geochemical Selection Indicators in Fujian Region[J]. EARTHQUAKE, 2024, 44(4): 209-224.

参考文献

[1] 车用太, 刘耀炜, 何钄. 断层带土壤气中H₂观测: 探索地震短临预报的新途径[J]. 地震, 2015, 35(4): 1-10.
CHE Yong-tai, LIU Yao-wei, HE Lan. Hydrogen monitoring in fault zone soil gas: A new approach to short/immediate earthquake prediction[J]. Earthquake, 2015, 35(4): 1-10 (in Chinese).
[2] 晏锐, 田雷, 王广才, 等. 2008年汶川8.0级地震前地下流体异常回顾与统计特征分析[J]. 地球物理学报, 2018, 61(5): 1907-1921.
YAN Rui, TIAN Lei, WANG Guang-cai, et al. Review and statistically characteristic analysis of underground fluid anomalies prior to the 2008 Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2018, 61(5): 1907-1921 (in Chinese).
[3] 李营, 陈志, 胡乐, 等. 流体地球化学进展及其在地震预测研究中的应用[J]. 科学通报, 2022, 67(13): 1404-1420.
LI Ying, CHEN Zhi, HU Le, et al. Advances in seismic fluid geochemistry and its application in earthquake forecasting[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2022, 67(13): 1404-1420 (in Chinese).
[4] 李营, 方震, 张晨蕾, 等. 地震流体地球化学短临预测研究进展与展望[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(3): 593-621.
LI Ying, FANG Zhen, ZHANG Chen-lei, et al. Research progress and prospect of seismic fluid geochemistry in short-imminent earthquake prediction[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2023, 45(3): 593-621 (in Chinese).
[5] 王基华, 孙风民, 张培仁. H₂异常和地震活动的关系[J]. 华北地震科学, 1991, 9(2): 59-64.
WANG Ji-hua, SUN Feng-min, ZHANG Pei-ren. Relationship between hydrogen anomaly and seismic activities[J]. North China Earthquake Sciences, 1991, 9(2): 59-64 (in Chinese).
[6] 张培仁, 王基华, 孙凤民. 氢——预报地震的灵敏元素[J]. 地震地质, 1993, 15(1): 69-77.
ZHANG Pei-ren, WANG Ji-hua, SUN Feng-min. Hydrogen: A sensitive element to predictable earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology, 1993, 15(1): 69-77 (in Chinese).
[7] 钟骏, 王博, 闫玮, 等. 阿克苏断层氢气浓度动态特征及其映震效能[J]. 地震学报, 2021, 43(5): 615-627.
ZHONG Jun, WANG Bo, YAN Wei, et al. Dynamic characteristics of fault hydrogen concentration in Aksu and its earthquake reflecting efficiency[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2021, 43(5): 615-627 (in Chinese).
[8] Poitrasson F, Dundas S H, Toutain J P, et al. Earthquake-related elemental and isotopic lead anomaly in a springwater[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1999, 169(3-4): 269-276.
[9] Song S R, Chen Y L, Liu C M, et al. Hydrochemical changes in spring waters in Taiwan: Implications for evaluating sites for earthquake precursory monitoring[J]. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 2005, 16(4): 745-762.
[10] Reddy D V, Nagabhushanam P. Chemical and isotopic seismic precursory signatures in deep groundwater: Cause and effect[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2012, 27(12): 2348-2355.
[11] Chen Z, Du J G, Zhou X C, et al. Hydrochemistry of the hot springs in western Sichuan Province related to the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake[J]. The Scientific World Journal, 2014: 901432.
[12] 中国地震局. 地震台站建设规范地下流体台站第2部分: 气氡和气汞台站. 行业标准号: (DB/T 20.2—2006)[S]. 北京: 地震出版社, 2006.
China Earthquake Administration. Specification for the construction of seismic station Underground fluid station Part 2: Gas radon and gas mercury observatory. Industry standard number: (DB/T 20.2—2006)[S]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 2006.
[13] Sugisaki R, Takeda H, Kawabe I, et al. Simplified gas chromatographic analyses of H₂, He, Ar, N₂ and CH₄ in subsurface gases for seismo-geochemical studies[J]. Chemical Geology, 1982, 36(3-4): 217-226.
[14] Lowenstern J B, Bergfeld D, Evans W C, et al. Origins of geothermal gases at Yellowstone[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2015, 302: 87-101.
[15] 陶明信, 徐永昌, 史宝光, 等. 中国不同类型断裂带的地幔脱气与深部地质构造特征[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 2005, 35(5): 441-451.
TAO Ming-xin, XU Yong-chang, SHI Bao-guang, et al. Mantle degassing and deep geological structure characteristics of different types of fault zones in China[J]. Science in China (Series D), 2005, 35(5): 441-451 (in Chinese).
[16] 李其林, 王云, 周艺颖, 等. 滇西北德钦—中甸一带温泉逸出气体的地球化学特征[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2018, 37(4): 645-651.
LI Qi-lin, WANG Yun, ZHOU Yi-ying, et al. Geochemical characteristics of hot spring gases from the Deqin-Zhongdian area northwestern Yunnan, China[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 2018, 37(4): 645-651 (in Chinese).
[17] Craig H, Lupton J E, Welhan J A, et al. Helium isotope ratios in Yellowstone and Lassen Park volcanic gases[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1978, 5(11): 897-900.
[18] Sano Y, Wakita H. Geographical distribution of ³He/⁴He ratios in Japan: Implications for arc tectonics and incipient magmatism[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 1985, 90(B10): 8729-8741.
[19] 马丽芳. 中国地质图集[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2002.
MA Li-fang. Geological atlas of China[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2002.
[20] Wang B, Zhou X C, Zhou Y S, et al. Hydrogeochemistry and precursory anomalies in thermal springs of Fujian (Southeastern China) associated with earthquakes in the Taiwan Strait[J]. Water, 2021, 13(24): 3523.
[21] Liao L X, Zhou Y Y, Lin Z Y, et al. Gas geochemistry of the hot springs gas in Fujian Province, SE China: Insight into the deep faults and seismic activity[J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2023, 11: 1277100.
[22] 庄庆祥. 福建地热资源勘查研究[J]. 能源与环境, 2015, 1: 2-4.
ZHUAN Qin-xiang. Exploration and research on geothermal resources in Fujian[J]. Energy and Environment, 2015, 1: 2-4 (in Chinese).
[23] Bráuer K, Kámpf H, Niedermann S, et al. Natural laboratory NW Bohemia: Comprehensive fluid studies between 1992 and 2005 used to trace geodynamic processes[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystem, 2008, 9(4): Q04018.
[24] 张森琦, 吴海东, 张杨, 等. 青海省贵德县热水泉干热岩体地质——地热地质特征[J]. 地质学报, 2020, 94(5): 1591-1605.
ZHANG Sen-qi, WU Hai-dong, ZHANG Yang, et al. Characteristics of regional and geothermal geology of the Reshuiquan HDR in Guide County, Qinghai Province[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2020, 94(5): 1591-1605 (in Chinese).
[25] Du J G, Cheng W Z, Zhang Y L, et al. Helium and carbon isotopic compositions of thermal springs in the earthquake zone of Sichuan, Southwestern China[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2006, 26(5): 533-539.
[26] 刘耀炜, 任宏微, 张磊, 等. 鲁甸6.5级地震地下流体典型异常与前兆机理分析[J]. 地震地质, 2015, 37(1): 307-318.
LIU Yao-wei, REN Hong-wei, ZHANG Lei, et al. Underground fluid anomalies and the precursor mechanisms of the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2015, 37(1): 307-318 (in Chinese).
[27] 高小其, 梁卉, 王海涛, 等. 北天山地区泥火山的地球化学成因[J]. 地震地质, 2015, 37(4): 1215-1224.
GAO Xiao-qi, LIANG Hui, WANG Hai-tao, et al. Origin of the mud volcano in northern Tianshan region constrained by geochemical investigation[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2015, 37(4): 1215-1224 (in Chinese).
[28] 徐永昌. 天然气中氦同位素分布及构造环境[J]. 地学前缘, 1997, 4(3-4): 185-190.
XU Yong-chang. Helium isotope distribution of natural gasses and its structural setting[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 1997, 4(3-4): 185-190 (in Chinese).
[29] O’Nions R K, Oxburgh E R. Heat and helium in the Earth[J]. Nature, 1983, 306(5942): 429-431.
[30] O’Nions R K, Oxburgh E R. Helium, volatile fluxes and the development of continental crust[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1988, 90(3): 331-347.
[31] Polyak V G, Tolstikhin I N, Yakutseni V P. Isotopic composition of helium and heat flow as geochemical and geophysical aspects of tectogenesis[J]. Geotektonika, 1979, 13(5): 339-351.
[32] 汪洋. 利用地下流体He同位素比值资料研究中国大陆地幔热流[C]. 中国地质学会. 第四届全国青年地质工作者学术讨论会论文集. 中国科学院地质研究所, 1999: 3.
WANG Yang. A study on mantle heat flow of continental area of China by Helium isotope ratio of the underground fluid[C]. Geological Society of China. Proceedings of the 4th National Symposium of Young Geologists, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1999: 3 (in Chinese).
[33] Faure G, Hurley P M, Powell J L. The isotopic composition of strontium in surface water from the North Atlantic Ocean[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1965, 29(4): 209-220.
[34] 戴金星. 天然气碳氢同位素特征和各类天然气鉴别[J]. 天然气地球科学, 1993, 4(2): 1-40.
DAI Jin-xing. Characteristics of hydrocarbon isotopes in natural gas and identification of various types of natural gas[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 1993, 4(2): 1-40 (in Chinese).
[35] Sano Y, Marty B. Origin of carbon in fumarolic gas from island arcs[J]. Chemical Geology, 1995, 119(1-4): 265-274.
[36] 中国科学院地球物理研究所, 福建省地质矿产局. 福建地热地球物理研究[M]. 北京: 中国科学术出版社, 1992.
Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources. Research on geothermal geophysics in Fujian Province[M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Publishing House, 1992 (in Chinese).
[37] 中国地震局监测预报司. 地下流体分析预测技术方法工作手册[M]. 北京: 地震出版社, 2020.
Monitoring and Forecasting Department of China Earthquake Administration. Technical methods for underground fluid analysis and prediction[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 2020 (in Chinese).
[38] 周峥嵘, 吕坚, 周斌, 等. 华南地区地震预测指标体系[M]. 北京: 地震出版社, 2021.
ZHOU Zheng-rong, LÜ Jian, ZHOU Bin, et al. Earthquake prediction index system in South China[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 2021 (in Chinese).
[39] 廖丽霞, 秦双龙, 洪旭瑜. 华南地区流体地震预测指标建立、应用和反思[J]. 地震研究, 2020, 43(2): 310-319.
LIAO Li-xia, QIN Shuang-long, HONG Xu-yu. Establishment, application and reflection of fluid earthquake prediction index in south China[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 2020, 43(2): 310-319 (in Chinese).
[40] 国家地震局科技监测司. 地震学分析预报方法程式指南[M]. 北京: 地震出版社, 1990.
Science and Technology Monitoring Department of the National Seismological Bureau. Program Guide for Seismic Analysis and Prediction Methods[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 1990 (in Chinese).
[41] 廖其林, 王振明, 邱陶兴, 等. 福州盆地及其周围地区地壳深部结构与构造的初步研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 1990, 33(2): 163-173.
LIAO Qi-lin, WANG Zhen-ming, QIU Tao-xing, et al. Preliminary research of the crustal structure in Fuzhou basin and its adjacent area[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1990, 33(2): 163-173 (in Chinese).
[42] 王善雄, 陈伟, 林琛, 等. 永安—晋江断裂带活动性研究[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2019.
WANG Shan-xiong, CHEN Wei, LIN Chen, et al. Study on the activity of Yong’an-Jinjiang fault zone[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2019 (in Chinese).