晚寒武世早期河北北部柳江盆地发生的强地震

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在河北省北部柳江盆地发现了距今5亿年前的地震记录。震积岩发育在上寒武统崮山组中部。沉积物变形构造主要有地裂缝、地震楔、砂脉、砂层液化、包卷层理等。这些特征沉积构造是地震波作用于潮上—潮间带沉积环境中软沉积物而形成的。在古沙垄顶部的内碎屑微晶灰岩中有沉积物液化产生扰动层理和流体逃逸形成的砂脉。显微镜下可见沉积物液化流动显微构造和结构, 如微褶皱、纹层断错、液化颗粒等。水面下在生物礁或沙垄斜坡局部可见重力流形成的包卷层理。包卷层理核部为浅黄色和紫红色竹叶状灰岩, 中部为浅灰色破碎流化微晶灰岩碎屑, 外部为浅色和紫色内碎屑微晶灰岩。崮山组的岩性组合和这些软沉积物变形构造表明, 崮山期柳江盆地构造活动剧烈, 沉积环境水深反复变化、逐步变浅, 伴有地震发生, 估计产生震积岩的古地震的强度为7级左右。该古地震事件的确定有益于研究地震活动和构造活动规律。

关键词: 古地震, 晚寒武世, 地表裂缝, 砂层液化, 包卷层理

Abstract: A strong earthquake occurred 500 million years ago in the early period of late Cambrian was recorded by seismite in the Liujiang basin, northern Hebei province. Seismites were discovered in the middle part of Gushan formation, upper Cambrian series. The soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) are mainly gravity flow structure, such as ground fissure, seismic wedge, sand vein, sand liquefaction and convolute bedding. The classic SSDSs were formed by the seismic waves acting on the soft-sediments in the sedimentary environment of supralittoral-mesolittoral zone. Disturbed bedding was produced by liquefaction of sediments, and sand veins were formed by fluid escaping in intramicrite at the top of paleo-longitudinal dune. The microstructure and structure of the liquefied flow of the sediments such as micro folds, fault lines, liquefied particles etc., were observed under a microscope. Convolute bedding was formed by gravity flow in the reef or sand ridge slope underwater. The core of the convolute bedding is buff and fuchsia edgewise conglomerate, the middle part is broken liquefied french grey micrite fragment, and the outside is light colored and purple intramicrite. Such lithological association and the SSDS in the Gushan formation suggested that the Liujiang basin experienced intense activity of tectonics and the water depth of sedimentary environment changed repeatedly and became gradually shallower during Gushanian Age. It was estimated that the magnitude of the paleo-earthquake was about 7.0. The determination of the seismic event is beneficial to the study the seismic activity and the regularity of tectonic activity in Qinhuangdao.

Key words: Paleo-earthquake, Late Cambrian, Ground fissure, Sand liquefaction, Liujiang Basin

中图分类号:

P315.7

孙凤霞, 杜建国, 李静, 王昌盛, 仵柯田. 晚寒武世早期河北北部柳江盆地发生的强地震[J]. 地震, 2019, 39(2): 77-87.

SUN Feng-xia, DU Jian-guo, LI Jing, WANG Chang-sheng, WU Ke-tian. A Strong Earthquake Occurred in the Early Period of Late Cambrian in the Liujiang Basin, Northern Hebei Province[J]. EARTHQUAKE, 2019, 39(2): 77-87.

参考文献

[1] Mcalpin J. Paleoseismology[M]. New York: Academic Press, InC, 1996.
[2] Fu B, Du J, Awata Y, et al. Surface deformations associated with the 2001 M_W-7.8 Kunlun earthquake, northern Tibet: geomorphic growth features along a major strike-slip fault[J]. Engineering Geology, 2004, 75: 325-339.
[3] Fu B, Awata Y, Du J, et al. Late Quaternary systematic stream offsets caused by repeated large seismic events along the Kunlun fault, northern Tibet[J]. Geomorphology, 2005, 71(3-4): 278-292.
[4] Du J, Fu B, Guo W, et al. Significance of prehistoric liquefaction features in the Xilinhot district, Inner Mongolia, northern China[J]. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci, 2010, 21: 767-779.
[5] 乔秀夫, 李海兵. 沉积物的地震及古地震效应[J]. 古地理学报, 2009, 11(6): 593-610.
[6] 乔秀夫. 中国震积岩的研究与展望[J]. 地质论评, 1996, 42(4): 317-320.
[7] Shanmugam G. The seismite problem[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2016, 5(4): 318-362.
[8] Feng Z, Bao Z, Zheng X, et al. Researches of soft-sediment deformation structures and seismites in China-A brief review[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2016, 5(4): 311-317.
[9] Allen J R L. Sedimentary Structures, Their Character and Physical Basis[M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984.
[10] Collinson J. Sedimentary deformational structures[M]. The Geological Deformation of Sediments. Netherlands: Springer, 1994.
[11] Pope M C, Fred Read J, Bambach R, et al. Late Middle to Late Ordovician seismites of Kentucky, southwest Ohio and Virginia: Sedimentary recorders of earthquakes in the Appalachian basin[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1997, 109(4): 489-503.
[12] Boggs Jr S. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, third ed[M]. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.
[13] Schneiderhan E A. Archean seismites of the Ventersdorp Supergroup, South Africa[J]. South African Journal of Geology, 2006, 108(3): 345-350.
[14] 乔秀夫, 宋天锐, 高林志, 等. 地层中地震记录(古地震)[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2006, 1-263.
[15] Feng Z. A successful symposium of “Multi-origin of soft-sediment deformation structures and seismites”[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2017, 6(1): 1-6.
[16] Owen G, Moretti M, Alfaro P. Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation: current understanding and future directions[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2011, 235(3-4): 133-140.
[17] Owen G, Moretti M. Identifying triggers for liquefaction-induced soft-sediment deformation in sands[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2011, 235(3-4): 141-147.
[18] He B, Qiao X. Advances and overview of the study on paleo-earthquake events: A review of seismites, 2015, 89(5): 1702-1746.
[19] Shanmugam G. The fallacy of interpreting SSDS with different types of breccias as seismites amid the multifarious origins of earthquakes: Implications[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2017, 6(1): 12-44.
[20] Seilacher A. Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites[J]. Seidimentology, 1969, 13: 155-159.
[21] 杜远生, 韩欣. 论震积作用和震积岩[J]. 地球科学进展, 2000, 15(4): 389-394.
[22] 杜远生, 韩欣, 顾松竹, 等. 滇中中元古代昆阳群的地震事件沉积及其地质意义[J]. 中国科学, 2001, 31(4): 283-289.
[23] 魏垂高, 张世奇, 姜在兴, 等. 塔里木盆地志留系震积岩特征及其意义[J]. 地质学报, 2007, 81(6): 827-833.
[24] 杨剑萍, 王海峰, 聂玲玲, 等. 冀中坳陷晋县凹陷古近系震积岩的发现及地质意义[J]. 沉积学报, 2014, 32(4): 634-642.
[25] 唐文斌, 徐胜林, 陈洪德, 等. 吐哈盆地台北凹陷中部地区喀拉扎组一段震积岩的发现及其地质意义[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2017, 38(2): 345-354.
[26] 乔秀夫, 李海兵. 华北地台震旦纪—早古生代地震节律[J]. 地学前缘, 1997(3): 155-160.
[27] 赵卫卫, 查明, 杨剑萍. 中国震积岩研究综述[J]. 地层学杂志, 2006, 30(2): 77-82.
[28] Morett M, Loon A J V. Restrictions to the application of ‘diagnostic’criteria for recognizing ancient seismites[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2014, 3(2): 162-173.
[29] Jiang H, Zhong N, Li Y, et al. Soft sediment deformation structures in the Lixian lacustrine sediments, eastern Tibetan Plateau and implications for postglacial seismic activity[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2016, 344: 123-134.
[30] 徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 叶建青, 等. 汶川Ms 8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J]. 地震地质, 2008, 30(3): 597-629.
[31] 梁定益, 聂泽同, 宋志敏, 等. 北京房山世界地质公园中元古界雾迷山组地震-海啸序列及地质特征——以野三坡园区为例[J]. 地质通报, 2009, 28(1): 30-37.
[32] Guo J, Zheng J, Guan B, et al. Coseismic Surface Rupture Structures Associated with 2010 M_S7.1 Yushu Earthquake, China[C]. Seismological Research Letters, 2012, 83(1): 109-118
[33] 冉勇康, 邓起东. 古地震学研究的历史、现状和发展趋势[J]. 科学通报, 1999, 44(1): 12-20.
[34] Obermeier S F. Liquefaction evidence for strong earthquakes of Holocene and latest Pleistocene ages in the states of Indiana and Illinois, USA[J]. Engineering Geology, 1998, 50(3-4): 227-254.
[35] 唐汉军, 应绍奋. 鲜水河断裂带东南段一次强烈古地震的发现[J]. 地震研究, 1995, (1): 86-89.
[36] 王华林, 李海泉. 地震断裂的剖面断层和构造楔组合类型及其在古地震研究中的应用[J]. 地震研究, 1998, (1): 71-81.
[37] 冉勇康, 张培震, 陈立春. 河套断陷带大青山山前断裂晚第四纪古地震完整性研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2003, 10(增刊): 207-216.
[38] 林建平. 北戴河地质认识实习指导书[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2005.
[39] 陈荣坤. 华北地台中晚寒武世沉积层序中生物丘构造研究[J]. 沉积学报, 1996, 14(s1): 49-56.
[40] 魏魁生, 徐怀大, 叶淑芬. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部下古生界层序地层分析[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 1997, 18(2): 128-135.
[41] 杜远生, 余文超. 地震和非地震引发的软沉积物变形[J]. 古地理学报, 2017, 19(1): 65-72.
[42] Owen G, Moretti M. Determining the origin of soft-sediment deformation structures: a case study from Upper Carboniferous delta deposits in south-west Wales, UK[J]. Terra Nova, 2008, 20(3): 237-245.
[43] 乔秀夫, 高林志. 华北中新元古代及早古生代地震灾变事件及与Rodinia的关系[J]. 科学通报, 1999, 44(16): 1753-1758.
[44] Ambraseys N. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics[J]. Engineering seismology. 1998, 17: 1-105.
[45] Marco S, Agnon A. Prehistoric earthquake deformations near Masada, Dead Sea graben. Geology 23, 1995, 695-698
[46] Rodriguez-Pascua M A, Calvo J P, De Vicente G, et al. Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sediments of the Prebetic Zone, SE Spain, and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2000, 135(1-4): 117-135.
[47] Carter D P, Seed H B. Liquefaction potential of sand deposits under low levels of excitation. Internal Report UCB/EERC-81/11, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 1988, 119.
[48] Galli P. New empirical relationships between magnitude and distance for liquefaction[J]. Tectonophysics, 2000, 324: 169-187.
[49] 钟宁, 蒋汉朝, 梁莲姬, 等. 软沉积物变形中负载、球—枕构造的古地震研究综述[J]. 地质论评, 2017, 63(3): 719-738.
[50] Kuenen P H. Experiments in Geology[J]. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow, 1958, 23: 1-37
[51] 邓起东, 于贵华, 叶文华. 地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究[M]∥国家地震局地质研究所. 活动断裂研究(2). 北京: 地震出版社, 1992, 247-264.