云南省南汀河断裂带温泉水文地球化学特征

doi:10.12196/j.issn.1000-3274.2022.02.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 利用温泉水文地球化学连续测量方法, 可以监测活动断裂带内的状态。本文于2015年7月至2019年11月, 通过测定12个温泉的194个水样中常量、微量元素及稳定同位素来研究南汀河断裂带温泉水文地球化学特征, 并于2019年2月将幸福温泉作为连续监测点, 每三天采集一次样品。结果显示: ① 同位素(δD、 δ18O)结果指示温泉水源于大气降水, 东西支断裂补给降水高程分别为1.6~2.1 km和1.0~1.9 km。 ② 研究区水化学类型主要有四种: HCO₃-Na、 HCO₃·SO₄-Na、 SO₄-Ca、 HCO₃-Ca, 东支断裂带均为HCO₃-Na型水; 西支北东段有HCO₃·CO₄-Na和HCO₃-Na型水, 中段为HCO₃-Na型水, 西南段是HCO₃-Ca型水。 ③ SiO₂值11.1~101.0 mg/L, 热储温度42.7℃~137.8℃, 循环深度0.6~2.5 km; 西支北东段茂兰和小定喜为部分平衡水, 东支和其余温泉为未成熟水, 矿化度低, 综合微量元素富集因子和含量反映出断裂内部循环过程中水岩反应程度较弱。 ④ 温泉水化学变化与地震活动有一定的相关性, 2019年3月8日, 云南永德M_S4.4地震前5天, Cl^-含量相对于背景值增长约40.6%, 震中距72 km; 2020年6月11日, 云南临沧发生M_L3.3地震, 6月10日, SO^2-₄含量相对于背景值增长27.2%, 震中距13 km。幸福温泉水化学组分Cl^-和SO^2-₄对周围地震活动有明显的地震前兆异常响应。总之, 研究南汀河断裂带温泉水文地球化学特征, 对研究区短临前兆异常识别、判定以及理解水文地球化学地震前兆异常机理有重要的意义。

关键词: 温泉, 同位素, 水文地球化学, 地震, 南汀河断裂带

Abstract: The activities of fault zones may be monitored well by hydrogeochemical methods. From July 2015 to November 2019, concentrations of dissolved species including the major, trace elements and stable isotopes in 194 water samples collected from 12 thermal springs of Nantinghe fault zone were used to characterise their hydrogeochemical feature and to reveal the relationships between water chemistry and regional tectonic activity. And Xingfu hot spring was continuously monitored from February 2019 and water samples were collected every three days. The results show that ① The stable isotope data (δD, δ18O) suggesting that the water of hot springs are rechanged by circulation of meteoric waters, where the east and west branch fault recharge elevation ranges are 1.6~2.1 km and 1.0~1.9 km; ② There are four main types of water chemistry in the study area: HCO₃-Na、 HCO₃·SO₄-Na、 SO₄-Ca、 HCO₃-Ca. The east branch fault zone is HCO₃-Na type water. There are HCO₃·CO₄-Na and HCO₃-Na in the northeastern segment of the west branch, HCO₃-Na water in the middle section, and HCO₃-Ca water in the southwestern segment; ③ SiO₂ in the region is 11.1~101.0 mg/L, and aqueous geothermometry suggests that thermal storage temperature is 42.7℃~137.8℃. This data, along with estimated temperature, gave an estimated circulation depth for the spring waters of 0.6~2.5 km. Maolan and Xiaodingxi in the northeastern segment of the west branch are partially balanced water, while the eastern branch and other hot springs are immature water with low salinity. The comprehensive enrichment factors and contents of trace elements reflect that the water-rock reaction degree is weak in the internal circulation of the fault; ④ There is a certain correlation between chemical changes of hot spring water and seismic activity. Five days before the Yongde M_S4.4 earthquake, the Cl^- content increased by about 40.6% compared with the background value and the epicentral distance is 77 km. one day before Lincang M_L3.3 earthquake, the SO^2-₄ content increased by about 27.2% compared with the background value and the epicentral distance is 13 km. The dissolved Cl^- and SO^2-₄in Xingfu hot spring were obviously abnormal to the seismic precursor of near-field earthquake. In a word, it is a great significance to judge and recognize the short-term and impending precursory anomalies of earthquakes with the study of the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the hot spring in NTHF (Nantinghe Fault).

Key words: Hot spring, Isotope, Hydrogeochemistry, Earthquake, Nantinghe fault

中图分类号:

P315.7

王万丽, 周晓成, 石宏宇, 颜玉聪, 欧阳澍培, 刘峰立, 房文亚, 李鹏飞. 云南省南汀河断裂带温泉水文地球化学特征[J]. 地震, 2022, 42(2): 14-32.

WANG Wan-li, ZHOU Xiao-cheng, SHI Hong-yu, YAN Yu-cong, OUYANG Shu-pei, LIU Feng-li, FANG Wen-ya, LI Peng-fei. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Hot Springs in Nantinghe Fault Zone, Yunnan Province[J]. EARTHQUAKE, 2022, 42(2): 14-32.

参考文献

[1] 车用太, 刘五洲, 鱼金子. 地壳流体与地震活动关系及其在强震预测中的意义[J]. 地震地质, 1998, 20(4): 144-149.
CHE Yong-tai, LIU Wu-zhou, YU Jin-zi. The relationship between crustal fluid and seismic activity and its significance in the prediction of strong earthquakes[J]. Seismology and Geology, 1998, 20(4): 144-149 (in Chinese).
[2] Griffin S, Horton T W, Oze C. Origin of warm springs in Banks Peninsula, New Zealand[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2017, 86: 1-12.
[3] Cortes J E, Muoz L F, Gonzalez C A, et al. Hydrogeochemistry of the formation waters in the San Francisco field, UMV basin, Colombia-A multivariate statistical approach[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2016, 539: 113-124.
[4] Walraevens K, Bakundukize C, Mtoni Y E, et al. Understanding the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in Precambrian basement aquifers: A case study of Bugesera region in Burundi[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2018, 188: 24-42.
[5] Taucare M, Daniele L, Viguier B, et al. Groundwater resources and recharge processes in the Western Andean Front of Central Chile[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 722: 137824.
[6] Kingsley S P, Biagi P F, Piccolo R, et al. Hydrogeochemical precursors of strong earthquakes: A realistic possibility in Kamchatka[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science, 2001, 26(10-12): 769-774.
[7] Claesson L, Skelton A, Graham C, et al. Hydrogeochemical changes before and after a major earthquake[J]. Geology, 2004, 32(8): 641-644.
[8] Sturrock C P, Catlos E J, Miller N R, et al. Fluids along the North Anatolian Fault, Niksar basin, north central Turkey: Insight from stable isotopic and geochemical analysis of calcite veins[J]. Journal of Structural Geology, 2017, 101: 58-79.
[9] Guerra M, Lombardi S. Soil-gas method for tracing neotectonic faults in clay basins: the Pisticci field (Southern Italy)[J]. Tectonophysics, 2001, 339(3-4): 511-522.
[10] Virk H S, Walia V. Helium-radon precursory signals of Chamoli earthquake, India[J]. Radiation Measurements, 2001, 34(1-6): 379-384.
[11] Woith H, Wang R J, Maiwald U, et al. On the origin of geochemical anomalies in groundwaters induced by the Adana 1998 earthquake[J]. Chemical Geology, 2013, 339: 177-186.
[12] King C Y, Basler D, Presser T S, et al. In search of earthquake-related hydrologic and chemical changes along Hayward Fault[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 1994, 9(1): 83-91.
[13] Ingebritsen S E, Manga M. Earthquakes: Hydrogeochemical precursors[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2014, 7(10): 697-698.
[14] Skelton A, Andrén M, Kristmannsdóttir H, et al. Changes in groundwater chemistry before two consecutive earthquakes in Iceland[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2014, 7(10): 752-756.
[15] 张磊, 刘耀炜, 任宏微, 等. 氢氧稳定同位素在地下水异常核实中的应用[J]. 地震地质, 2016, 38(3): 721-731.
ZHANG Lei, LIU Yao-wei, REN Hong-wei, et al. Application of stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes to the verification of groundwater anomalies[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 2016, 38(3): 721-731 (in Chinese).
[16] Shi Z M, Zhang H, Wang G C. Groundwater trace elements change induced by M5.0 earthquake in Yunnan[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2020, 581: 124424.
[17] 余鸣潇. 云南省临沧地区部分温泉水化学同位素特征及成因研究[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学, 2019.
YU Ming-xiao. A study of hydrochemcial and isotopic characteristics and formation of some of the hot springs in the Lincang area of Yunnan[D]. Beijing: China University of Geosciences, 2019 (in Chinese).
[18] 范永康, 魏蓉花. 云县幸福温泉群形成的地质构造条件分析[J]. 冶金管理, 2020, (1): 150-151.
FAN Yong-kang, WEI Rong-hua. Analysis of geological structural conditions of the formation of the Xingfu hot spring group in Yunxian[J]. China Steel Focus, 2020, (1): 150-151 (in Chinese).
[19] 董兴权, 龙建章, 文继云, 等. 云南云县发现古地震遗迹[J]. 地震研究, 1984, 7(1): 52.
DONG Xing-quan, LONG Jian-zhang, WEN Ji-yun, et al. Ancient earthquake remains found in Yunxian, Yunnan[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 1984, 7(1): 52 (in Chinese).
[20] Wang E, Burchfiel B C. Interpretation of Cenozoic tectonics in the right-lateral accommodation zone between the Ailao Shan shear zone and the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis[J]. International Geology Review, 1997, 39(3): 191-219.
[21] Molnar P, Tapponnier P. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a continental collision[J]. Science, 1975, 189(4201): 419-426.
[22] Chen Y, Zhang Z J, Sun C Q, et al. Crustal anisotropy from Moho converted Ps wave splitting analysis and geodynamic implications beneath the eastern margin of Tibet and surrounding regions[J]. Gondwana Research, 2013, 24(3-4): 946-957.
[23] Fu B H, Walker R, Sandifor M. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and active tectonics of Asia[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011, 40(4): 797-804.
[24] Wang Y, Sieh K, Tun S T, et al. Active tectonics and earthquake potential of the Myanmar region[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2014, 119(4): 3767-3822.
[25] 孙浩越, 江国焰, 何宏林, 等. 云南景谷M_S6.6地震对南汀河断裂带地震危险性的影响[J]. 地球物理学报, 2015, 58(11): 4197-4206.
SUN Hao-yue, JIANG Guo-yan, HE Hong-lin, et al. The influence of the 2014 Jinggu M_S6.6 earthquake on the seismic risk of the Nantinghe fault zone in Yunnan Province, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2015, 58(11): 4197-4206 (in Chinese).
[26] 王晋南, 王洋龙, 安晓文, 等. 南汀河西支断裂北东段最新活动性分析[J]. 地震研究, 2006, 29(3): 264-268.
WANG Jin-nan, WANG Yang-long, AN Xiao-wen, et al. Analysis of latest activity on NE-segment of West branch of Nantinghe fault[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 2006, 29(3): 264-268 (in Chinese).
[27] 刘鸣, 付碧宏, 董彦芳. 青藏高原东南缘滇缅地块NE向走滑断裂带的新构造活动与大地震危险性[J]. 地球物理学报, 2015, 58(11): 4147-4186.
LIU Ming, FU Bi-hong, DONG Yan-fang. Neotectonics of NE-striking fault zones and earthquake risk in the Yunnan-Myanmar block, southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2015, 58(11): 4147-4186 (in Chinese).
[28] 石峰. 南汀河断裂带构造地貌研究[D]. 北京: 中国地震局地质研究所, 2014.
SHI Feng. Tectonic geomorphology of the Nantinghe fault in southwestern Yunnan[D]. Beijing: Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, 2014 (in Chinese).
[29] 朱玉新, 李玶, 任金卫. 南定河断裂带断层活动特征与古地震事件[J]. 中国地震, 1994(4): 347-356.
ZHU Yu-xin, LI Ping, REN Jin-wei. Activity of Nandinghe fault zone and its Paleo earthquake events[J]. Earthquake Research in China, 1994(4): 347-356 (in Chinese).
[30] 蔡义汉. 地热直接利用[M]. 天津: 天津大学出版社, 2004.
CAI Yi-han. Direct utilization of geothermal heat[M]. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, 2004 (in Chinese).
[31] Sun H Y, He H L, Wei Z Y, et al. Late Quaternary paleoearthquakes along the northern segment of the Nantinghe fault on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2017, 138: 258-271.
[32] Wells D L, Coppersmith K J. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1994, 84(4): 974-1002.
[33] Blaser L, Kruger F, Ohrnberger M, et al. Scaling relations of earthquake source parameter estimates with special focus on subduction environment[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2010, 100(6): 2914-2926.
[34] 叶涛, 黄清华, 陈小斌. 滇西南地区南汀河断裂带三维深部电性结构及其孕震环境[J]. 地球物理学报, 2018, 61(11): 4504-4517.
YE Tao, HUANG Qing-hua, CHEN Xiao-bin. Three-dimensional deep electrical structure and seismogenic environment of Nantinghe fault zone in southwestern Yunnan, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2018, 61(11): 4504-4517 (in Chinese).
[35] Craig H. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters[J]. Science, 1961, 133(3465): 1702-1703.
[36] 刘进达, 赵迎昌, 刘恩凯, 等. 中国大气降水稳定同位素时空分布规律探讨[J]. 勘察科学技术, 1997(3): 34-39.
LIU Jin-da, ZHAO Ying-chang, LIU En-kai, et al. Discussion on the stable isotope time-space distribution law of China atmosphereric precipitation[J]. Survey Investigation Science and Technology, 1997(3): 34-39 (in Chinese).
[37] 周训, 金晓媚, 梁四海, 等. 地下水科学专论(第二版)[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2017.
ZHOU Xun, JIN Xiao-mei, LIANG Si-hai, et al. Monograph on groundwater science (Second Edition)[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2017 (in Chinese).
[38] Yu J S, Zhang H B, Yu F J, et al. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of meteoric waters in the eastern part of Xizang[J]. Geochemistry, 1984, 3(2): 93-101.
[39] 于永亭, 李晓, 郭爽. 云南省龙陵地区温泉水化学特征及其成因分析[J]. 广东微量元素科学, 2008, 15(2): 39-46.
YU Yong-ting, LI Xiao, GUO Shuang. Geo-chemical characteristic and reasoning analysis of hot spring water in Longling area in Yunnan Province[J]. Guangdong Weiliang Yuansu Kexue, 2008, 15(2): 39-46 (in Chinese).
[40] 沈照理. 水文地球化学基础[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1993.
SHEN Zhao-li. Hydrogeochemical Basis[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1993 (in Chinese).
[41]Giggenbach W F. Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1988, 52(12): 2749-2765.
[42] 聂飞, 董国臣, 莫宣学, 等. 滇西昌宁-孟连带三叠纪花岗岩地球化学、年代学及其意义[J]. 岩石学报, 2012, 28(5): 1465-1476.
NIE Fei, DONG Guo-chen, MO Xuan-xue, et al. Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb chronology of the Triassic granites in the Changning-Menglian suture zone and their implications[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2012, 28(5): 1465-1476 (in Chinese).
[43] 朱志军, 郭福生, 邱安庆. 江西信江盆地罗塘凹陷膏盐微量元素地球化学特征[J]. 高校地质学报, 2016, 22(4): 598-607.
ZHU Zhi-jun, GUO Fu-sheng, QIU An-qing. Trace element geochemical characteristics of gypsum and its geologic significance from the Luotang depression in Xinjiang Basin, Jiangxi[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities, 2016, 22(4): 598-607 (in Chinese).
[44] 张春山, 张业成, 吴满路. 南北地震带南段水文地球化学特征及其与地震的关系[J]. 地质力学学报, 2003, 9(1): 21-30.
ZHANG Chun-shan, ZHANG Ye-cheng, WU Man-lu. Study on relationship between earthquake and hydro-geochemistry of groundwater in southern part of North-South earthquake belt in China[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2003, 9(1): 21-30 (in Chinese).
[45] Fournier R O, Rowe J J. The deposition of silica in hot springs[J]. Bulletin Volcanologique, 1966, 29(1): 585-587.
[46] Li B, Shi Z M, Wang G C, et al. Earthquake-related hydrochemical changes in thermal springs in the Xianshuihe fault zone, Western China[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2019, 579: 124175.
[47] 潘明, 吕勇, 郝彦珍, 等. 云南昌宁玉地里温泉水文地球化学特征及形成模式[J]. 地球与环境, 2015, 43(1): 98-103.
PAN Ming, LÜ Yong, HAO Yan-zhen, et al. Hydrological geochemistry characteristics and genetic mode of Yudili hot springy in Changning, Yunnan Province China[J]. Earth and Environment, 2015, 43(1): 98-103 (in Chinese).
[48] Wang C Y, Manga M. Hydrologic responses to earthquakes and a general metric[J]. Geofluids, 2010, 10(1-2): 206-216.
[49] Claesson L, Skelton A, Graham C, et al. The timescale and mechanisms of fault sealing and water-rock interaction after an earthquake[J]. Geofluids, 2007, 7: 427-440.
[50] Cox S C, Menzies C D, Sutherland R, et al. Changes in hot spring temperature and hydrogeology of the Alpine Fault hanging wall, New Zealand, induced by distal South Island earthquakes[J]. Geofluids, 2015, 15(1-2): 216-239.
[51] Ranjram M, Gleeson T, Luijendijk E. Is the permeability of crystalline rock in the shallow crust related to depth, lithology or tectonic setting?[J]. Geofluids, 2015, 15(1-2): 106-119.
[52] 马瑾. 从“是否存在有助于预报的地震先兆”说起[J]. 科学通报, 2016, 61(4): 409-414.
MA Jin. On “whether earthquake precursors help for prediction do exist”[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2016, 61(4): 409-414 (in Chinese).
[53] Toutain J P, Munoz M, Poitrasson F, et al. Springwater chloride ion anomaly prior to a M_L=5.2 Pyrenean earthquake[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1997, 149(1-4): 113-119.
[54] Geller R, Jackson D D, Kagan Y Y, et al. Earthquakes cannot be predicted[J]. Science, 1996, 275(5306): 1616.
[55] Kennedy B M, Kharaka Y K, Evans W C, et al. Mantle fluids in the San Andreas fault system, California [J]. Science, 1997, 278: 1278-1281.