采用地震波研究滑坡的动力学过程

doi:10.12196/j.issn.1000-3274.2025.01.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 青藏高原及周边地区不仅地震活动频繁, 同时也经常发生多种其他类型地质灾害, 包括滑坡、冰崩、雪崩、泥石流、冰湖溃决等。这些灾害由岩石、冰川等碎屑物受到重力作用沿着斜坡向下快速滑动而形成, 其发生过程受到构造运动和环境变化等多种因素的共同影响。在地震学领域, 这些地质灾害被认为是受到山体斜坡上的单力作用, 地震波为认识这些地质灾害的震源参数和发生过程提供重要资料。本文通过收集前人的研究成果, 对上述的滑坡类地质灾害前沿进展进行系统回顾, 对采用地震波研究滑坡类震源的基本原理进行总结分析。在此基础上, 选取2017年茂县滑坡作为研究实例, 对地震波形记录进行时频分析、受力过程反演等计算, 通过时间轴对比细化过程划分、优化台站数据选择、改善分析过程。结果表明, 茂县滑坡过程包括滑前启动、主要滑动和滑后调整三个时期, 总持续时间约123 s, 其中主要滑动过程包括加速和减速两个阶段, 最大速度约54 m/s, 最大水平位移约2 km。加速阶段低频信号显著, 减速滑动过程高频信号显著增强, 揭示了滑床坡度变化、碎屑物成分及其滑动摩擦作用的综合影响。随着地震观测和数据处理技术的不断改进, 地震波对滑坡的识别能力逐步增强, 有助于提高对滑坡类地质灾害的监测能力。

关键词: 滑坡, 地震波, 滑动过程, 青藏高原

Abstract: The Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas not only are characterized by intense seismic activity, but also experience various types of geological disasters, including landslides, ice avalanches, snow avalanches, debris flows, and glacial lake outburst floods. These disasters result from the rapid downward movement of debris such as rocks and glaciers, and are influenced by factors such as tectonic movements and environmental changes. From a seismological perspective, these geological hazards are considered to be the result of a unidirectional force acting on mountain slopes, with seismic waves providing crucial information about the source parameters and processes of these hazards. This paper systematically reviews the recent advances in the study of landslide-type geological hazards by compiling previous studies and summarizes the basic principles of using seismic waves to study landslide sources. The 2017 Maoxian landslide is selected as a case study, and seismic waveform records are subjected to time-frequency analysis, force-time function inversion, and other calculations. The analysis process is refined through the comparison of timelines and optimization of station data selection. The results indicate that the Maoxian landslide process includes three stages: pre-sliding initiation, main sliding, and post-sliding adjustment, with a total duration of approximately 123 seconds. The main sliding process comprises acceleration and deceleration phases, with a maximum velocity of about 54 m/s and a maximum horizontal displacement of about 2 km. Low-frequency signals are significant during the acceleration phase, while high-frequency signals are significantly enhanced during the deceleration sliding process, revealing the comprehensive impact of changes in slope gradient, debris composition, and sliding friction. With the continuous improvement of seismic observation and data processing technology, the ability of seismic waves to identify landslides is gradually enhanced, which helps to improve the monitoring capability of landslide-type geological hazards.

Key words: Landslides, Seismic waveforms, Sliding processes, Tibetan Plateau

中图分类号:

P315.7

江勇, 白玲, 黄兴辉, 谢军. 采用地震波研究滑坡的动力学过程[J]. 地震, 2025, 45(1): 130-146.

JIANG Yong, BAI Ling, HUANG Xing-hui, XIE Jun. Dynamic Processes of Landslides Revealed by Seismic Waveforms[J]. EARTHQUAKE, 2025, 45(1): 130-146.

参考文献

[1] Ekström G. Global detection and location of seismic sources by using surface waves[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2006, 96(4A): 1201-1212.
[2] Yin A. Mode of Cenozoic east-west extension in Tibet suggesting a common origin of rifts in Asia during the Indo-Asian collision[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2000, 105(B9): 21745-21759.
[3] Wang P, Scherler D, Jing L Z, et al. Tectonic control of Yarlung Tsangpo Gorge revealed by a buried canyon in Southern Tibet[J]. Science, 2014, 346(6212): 978-981.
[4] 黄润秋. 20世纪以来中国的大型滑坡及其发生机制[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2007, 26(3): 433-454.
HUANG Run-qiu. Large scale landslides and their sliding mechanisms in China since the 20th century[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007, 26(3): 433-454 (in Chinese).
[5] Petley D N. Characterizing giant landslides[J]. Science, 2013, 339(6126): 1395-1396.
[6] Maurer J M, Schaefer J M, Russell J B, et al. Seismic observations, numerical modeling, and geomorphic analysis of a glacier lake outburst flood in the Himalayas[J]. Science Advances, 2020, 6(38): eaba3645.
[7] Ekström G, Nettles M, Abers G A. Glacial earthquakes[J]. Science, 2003, 302(5645): 622-624.
[8] Kääb A, Leinss S, Gilbert A, et al. Massive collapse of two glaciers in western Tibet in 2016 after surge-like instability[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2018, 11: 114-120.
[9] Bai L, Jiang Y, Mori J. Source processes associated with the 2021 glacier collapse in the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, southeastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Landslides, 2023, 20(2): 421-426.
[10] 柴贺军, 刘汉超, 张倬元. 中国堵江滑坡发育分布特征[J]. 山地学报, 2000, 18(S1): 51-54.
CHAI He-jun, LIU Han-chao, ZHANG Zhuo-yuan. The temporal-soatial distribution of damming landslides in China[J]. Mountain Research, 2000, 18(S1): 51-54 (in Chinese).
[11] Cook K L, Rekapallin R, Dietze M, et al. Detection and potential early warning of catastrophic flow events with regional seismic networks[J]. Science, 2021, 374(6563): 87-92.
[12] 孔纪名, 田述军, 阿发友, 等. 贵州关岭“6·28”特大滑坡特征和成因[J]. 山地学报, 2010, 28(6): 725-731.
KONG Ji-ming, TIAN Shu-jun, A Fa-you, et al. Guizhou Guanling landslide formation mechanism and its characteristics[J]. Mountain Research, 2010, 28(6): 725-731 (in Chinese).
[13] 陈典宏, 刘一诺. 云南昭通市镇雄县发生山体滑坡部队官兵和民兵紧急救援[EB/OL]. (2024-01-22)[2024-04-28]. http://www.news.cn/20240122/8dc99a9932d54883b6fdae6aa1bd838d/c.html.
CHEN Dian-hong, LIU Yi-nuo. A landslide occurred in Zhenxiong County, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, and troops, soldiers, and militia are urgently rescuing the area[EB/OL]. (2024-01-22)[2024-04-28]. http://www.news.cn/20240122/8dc99a9932d54883b6fdae6aa1bd838d/c.html (in Chinese).
[14] 刘传正. 中国崩塌滑坡泥石流灾害成因类型[J]. 地质论评, 2014, 60(4): 858-868.
LIU Chuan-zheng. Genetic types of landslide and debris flow disasters in China[J]. Geological Review, 2014, 60(4): 858-868 (in Chinese).
[15] 殷志强, 徐永强, 赵无忌. 四川都江堰三溪村“7·10”高位山体滑坡研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2014, 22(2): 309-318.
YIN Zhi-qiang, XU Yong-qiang, ZHAO Wu-ji, et al. Sanxi village landslide in Dujiangyan, Sichuan province on July 10, 2013[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2014, 22(2): 309-318 (in Chinese).
[16] 魏云杰, 褚宏亮, 庄茂国, 等. 四川省峨眉山市王山—抓口寺滑坡成因机理研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2016, 24(3): 477-483.
WEI Yun-jie, CHU Hong-liang, ZHUANG Mao-guo, et al. Formation mechanism of Wangshan-Zhuakoushi landslide in Emei city, Sichuan Province[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2016, 24(3): 477-483 (in Chinese).
[17] Li Z Y, Huang X H, Xu Q, et al. Dynamics of the Wulong landslide revealed by broadband seismic records[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2017, 69: 27.
[18] 许强, 李为乐, 董秀军, 等. 四川茂县叠溪镇新磨村滑坡特征与成因机制初步研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2017, 36(11): 2612-2628.
XU Qiang, LI Wei-le, DONG Xiu-jun, et al. The Xinmocun landslide on June 24, 2017 in Maoxian, Sichuan: characteristics and failure mechanism[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017, 36(11): 2612-2628 (in Chinese).
[19] 王佳运, 李林, 郑定国, 等. “8·12”山阳滑坡视向滑动特征与运动过程[J]. 灾害学, 2018, 33(1): 111-116.
WANG Jia-yun, LI Lin, ZHENG Ding-guo, et al. Characteristics of apparent dip slide and movement process of the “8·12” Shanyang rockslide[J]. Journal of Catastrophology, 2018, 33(1): 111-116 (in Chinese).
[20] Zhang Z, He S, Liu W, et al. Source characteristics and dynamics of the October 2018 Baige landslide revealed by broadband seismograms[J]. Landslides, 2019, 16(4): 777-785.
[21] 郑光, 许强, 刘秀伟, 等. 2019年7月23日贵州水城县鸡场镇滑坡-碎屑流特征与成因机理研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2020, 28(3): 541-556.
ZHENG Guang, XU Qiang, LIU Xiu-wei, et al. The Jichang landslide on July 23, 2019 in Shuicheng, Guizhou: Characteristics and failure mechanism[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2020, 28(3): 541-556 (in Chinese).
[22] 葛永刚, 陈兴长, 方华, 等. 汉源县大渡河“8·6”崩塌堵河灾害研究[J]. 山地学报, 2010, 28(1): 123-128.
GE Yong-gang, CHEN Xing-chang, FANG Hua, et al. Study on the disaster of Dadu river block induced by the rock fall occurred at Hanyuan county on August 6th, 2009[J]. Mountain Research, 2010, 28: 123-128 (in Chinese).
[23] 殷跃平, 王文沛, 张楠, 等. 强震区高位滑坡远程灾害特征研究以四川茂县新磨滑坡为例[J]. 中国地质, 2017, 44(5): 827-841.
YIN Yue-ping, WANG Wen-pei, ZHANG Nan, et al. Long runout geological disaster initiated by the ridge-top rockslide in a strong earthquake area: A case study of Xinmo landslide in Maoxian County, Sichuan Province[J]. Geology in China, 2017, 44(5): 827-841 (in Chinese).
[24] 许强, 郑光, 李为乐, 等. 2018年10月和11月金沙江白格两次滑坡堰塞堵江事件分析研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2018, 26(6): 1534-1551.
XU Qiang, ZHENG Guang, LI Wei-le, et al. Study on successive landslide damming events of Jinsha river in Baige village on October 11 and November 3, 2018[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2018, 26(6): 1534-1551 (in Chinese).
[25] Bai L, Klemperer S L, Mori J, et al. Lateral variation of the Main Himalayan Thrust controls the rupture length of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal[J]. Science Advances, 2019, 5(6): eaav0723.
[26] Kargel J S, Leonard G J, Shugar D H, et al. Geomorphic and geologic controls of geohazards induced by Nepal’s 2015 Gorkha earthquake[J]. Science, 2015, 351(6269): aac8353.
[27] Yamada M, Matsushi Y, Chigira M, et al. Seismic recordings of landslides caused by Typhoon Talas (2011), Japan[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(13): L13301.
[28] Yamada M, Kumagai H, Matsushi Y, et al. Dynamic landslide processes revealed by broadband seismic records[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2013, 40(12): 2998-3002.
[29] 黄兴辉, 李正媛, 余丹, 等. 使用宽频带地震记录研究2017年6月24日茂县新磨滑坡的动力学过程[J]. 地球物理学报, 2018, 61(10): 4055-4062.
HUANG Xing-hui, LI Zheng-yuan, YU Dan, et al. Dynamic processes of the 24 June 2017 Xinmo landslide in Maoxian revealed by broadband seismic records[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2018, 61(10): 4055-4062 (in Chinese).
[30] 盛敏汉, 储日升, 曾求, 等. 地震学方法在滑坡体结构及破裂过程的应用研究进展[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2019, 34(6): 2188-2195.
SHENG Min-han, CHU Ri-sheng, ZENG Qiu, et al. Application of seismological methods in landslide structure and rupture process[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2019, 34(6): 2188-2195 (in Chinese).
[31] Yan Y, Cui Y F, Huang X H, et al. Combining seismic signal dynamic inversion and numerical modeling improves landslide process reconstruction[J]. Earth Surface Dynamics, 2022, 10(6): 1233-1252.
[32] Xie J, Coulthard T J, McLelland S J. Modelling the impact of seismic triggered landslide location on basin sediment yield, dynamics and connectivity[J]. Geomorphology, 2022, 398: 108029.
[33] Ekström G, Stark C P. Simple scaling of catastrophic landslide dynamics[J]. Science, 2013, 339(6126): 1416-1419.
[34] Gualtieri L, Ekström G. Broad-band seismic analysis and modeling of the 2015 Taan Fjord, Alaska landslide using Instaseis[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2018, 213(3): 1912-1923.
[35] Allstadt K. Extracting source characteristics and dynamics of the August 2010 Mount Meager landslide from broadband seismograms[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2013, 118(3): 1472-1490.
[36] Hibert C, Ekström G, Stark C P. Dynamics of the Bingham Canyon Mine landslides from seismic signal analysis[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2014, 41(13): 4535-4541.
[37] Hibert C, Stark C P, Ekström G. Dynamics of the Oso-Steelhead landslide from broadband seismic analysis[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2015, 15(6): 1265-1273.
[38] Stockwell R G, Mansinha L, Lowe R P. Localization of the complex spectrum: The S transform[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 1996, 44(4): 998-1001.
[39] Suriñach E, Vilajosana I, Khazaradze G, et al. Seismic detection and characterization of landslides and other mass movements[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2005, 5(6): 791-798.
[40] Helmstetter A, Garambois S. Seismic monitoring of Sechilienne rockslide (French Alps): Analysis of seismic signals and their correlation with rainfalls[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2010, 115(F3): F03016.
[41] Chen C H, Chao W A, Wu Y M, et al. A seismological study of landquakes using a real-time broad-band seismic network[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2013, 194(2): 885-898.
[42] Hibert C, Mangeney A, Grandjean G, et al. Slope instabilities in Dolomieu crater, Réunion Island: From seismic signals to rockfall characteristics[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2011, 116(F4): F04032.
[43] Dammeier F, Moore J R, Haslinger F, et al. Characterization of alpine rockslides using statistical analysis of seismic signals[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2011, 116(F4): F04024.
[44] Tsai V C, Ekström G. Analysis of glacial earthquakes[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2007, 112(F3): F03S22.
[45] Nettles M, Ekström G. Glacial earthquakes in Greenland and Antarctica[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2010, 38(1): 467-491.
[46] Chen X, Shearer P M, Walter F, et al. Seventeen Antarctic seismic events detected by global surface waves and a possible link to calving events from satellite images[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2011, 116(B6): B06311.
[47] Murray T, Selmes N, James T D, et al. Dynamics of glacier calving at the ungrounded margin of Helheim Glacier, southeast Greenland[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2015, 120(6): 964-982.
[48] Veitch S A, Nettles M. Spatial and temporal variations in Greenland glacial-earthquake activity, 1993—2010[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2012, 117(F4): F04007.
[49] Olsen K G, Nettles M. Patterns in glacial-earthquake activity around Greenland, 2011-13[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 2017, 63(242): 1077-1089.
[50] Kao H, Shan S J. The Source-Scanning Algorithm: Mapping the distribution of seismic sources in time and space[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2004, 157(2): 589-594.
[51] Kao H, Kan C W, Chen R Y, et al. Locating, monitoring, and characterizing typhoon-linduced landslides with real-time seismic signals[J]. Landslides, 2012, 9(4): 557-563.
[52] Xie J, Chu R S, Ni S D. Relocation of the 17 June 2017 Nuugaatsiaq (Greenland) landslide based on Green’s functions from ambient seismic noises[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2020, 125(5): e2019JB018947.
[53] Kiser E, Ishii M. Back-projection imaging of earthquakes[J]. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 45(1): 271-299.
[54] Kanamori H, Given J. Analysis of long-period seismic waves excited by the May 18, 1980, eruption of mount St. Helens-A terrestrial monopole?[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 1982, 87(B7): 5422-5432.
[55] Eissler H K, Kanamori H. A single-force model for the 1975 Kalapana, Hawaii, Earthquake[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 1987, 92(B6): 4827-4836.
[56] Hasegawa H S, Kanamori H. Source mechanism of the magnitude 7.2 Grand Banks earthquake of November 1929: Double couple or submarine landslide[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1987, 77(6): 1984-2004.
[57] Okal E A. Single forces and double-couples: A theoretical review of their relative efficiency for the excitation of seismic and tsunami waves[J]. Journal of Physics of the Earth, 1990, 38(6): 445-474.
[58] Dahlen F A. Single-force representation of shallow landslide sources[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1993, 83(1): 130-143.
[59] Takei Y, Kumazawa M. Why have the single force and torque been excluded from seismic source models?[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 1994, 118(1): 20-30.
[60] Fukao Y. Single-force representation of earthquakes due to landslides or the collapse of caverns[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 1995, 122(1): 243-248.
[61] Nakano M, Kumagai H, Chouet B A. Source mechanism of long-period events at Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano, Japan, inferred from waveform inversion of the effective excitation functions[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2003, 122(3-4): 149-164.
[62] Nakano M, Kumagai H. Waveform inversion of volcano-seismic signals assuming possible source geometries[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 32(12): L12302.
[63] Nakano M, Kumagai H, Chouet B, et al. Waveform inversion of volcano-seismic signals for an extended source[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2007, 112(B2): B02306.
[64] Lin C H, Kumagai H, Ando M et al. Detection of landslides and submarine slumps using broadband seismic networks[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37(22): L22309.
[65] Chao W A, Zhao L, Chen S C, et al. Seismology-based early identification of dam-formation landquake events[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 19259.
[66] Ye L L, Kanamori H, Rivera L, et al. The 22 December 2018 tsunami from flank collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano during eruption[J]. Science Advances, 2020, 6(3): eaaz1377.
[67] Nakano M, Kumagai H, Inoue H. Waveform inversion in the frequency domain for the simultaneous determination of earthquake source mechanism and moment function[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2008, 173(3): 1000-1011.
[68] Wang R J. A simple orthonormalization method for stable and efficient computation of Green’s functions[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1999, 89(3): 733-741.
[69] Li W, Chen Y, Liu F, et al. Chain-style landslide hazardous process: Constraints from seismic signals analysis of the 2017 Xinmo landslide, SW China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2019, 124: 2025-2037.
[70] Yamada M, Mangeney A, Matsushi Y, et al. Estimation of dynamic friction and movement history of large landslides[J]. Landslides, 2018, 15(10): 1963-1974.
[71] 赵娟, 漆静晨, 杨佳琛, 等. 基于地震信号反演滑坡动力学机制[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2019, 39: 1007-1012.
ZHAO Juan, QI Jing-chen, YANG Jia-chen, et al. Inverted landslide dynamics based on seismic signals[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2019, 39(10): 1007-1012 (in Chinese).
[72] Sergeant A, Mangeney A, Stutzmann E, et al. Complex force history of a calving-generated glacial earthquake derived from broadband seismic inversion[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016, 43(3): 1055-1065.
[73] Sergeant A, Mangeney A, Yastrebov V A, et al. Monitoring Greenland ice sheet buoyancy-driven calving discharge using glacial earthquakes[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 2019, 60(79): 75-95.
[74] Zhao J, Ouyang C J, Ni S D, et al. Analysis of the 2017 June Maoxian landslide processes with force histories from seismological inversion and terrain features[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2020, 222(3): 1965-1976.
[75] Kawakatsu H. Centroid single force inversion of seismic waves generated by landslides[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 1989, 94(B9): 12363-12374.
[76] Kang C, Chan D, Su F, et al. Runout and entrainment analysis of an extremely large rock avalanche: A case study of Yigong, Tibet, China[J]. Landslides, 2017, 14(1): 123-139.
[77] Fan X M, Xu Q, Scaringi G, et al. Failure mechanism and kinematics of the deadly June 24th 2017 Xinmo landslide, Maoxian, Sichuan China[J]. Landslides, 2017, 14(6): 2129-2146.
[78] Dong J, Zhang L, Li M, et al. Measuring precursory movements of the recent Xinmo landslide in Mao County, China with Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 datasets[J]. Landslides, 2018, 15(1): 135-144.
[79] Laske G, Masters G, Ma Z, et al. Update on CRUST1.0-A 1-degree global model of Earth’s crust[EB/OL]. (2013-04-07)[2024-03-02]. http://igppweb.ucsd.edu/~gabi/crust1.html.
[80] Chang W, Xu Q, Dong X et al. Dynamic process analysis of the Xinmo landslide via seismic signal and numerical simulation[J]. Landslides, 2022, 19(6): 1463-1478.