黄土高原历史强震触发黄土滑坡体积估算以1556年陕西华县大地震触发张岭滑坡为例

doi:10.12196/j.issn.1000-3274.2025.03.004

地震 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (3): 54-72.doi: 10.12196/j.issn.1000-3274.2025.03.004

黄土高原历史强震触发黄土滑坡体积估算以1556年陕西华县大地震触发张岭滑坡为例

赵昕雨^1,2, 徐岳仁^1,2, 田勤俭³, 袁瑞敏^1,2, 张济燕^1,2

1.中国地震局地震预测研究所, 地震预测与风险评估应急管理部重点实验室, 北京 100036;
2.中国地震局地震预测重点实验室(中国地震局地震预测研究所), 北京 100036;
3.中国地震灾害防御中心, 北京 100029

收稿日期:2024-11-18 修回日期:2025-01-13 出版日期:2025-07-31 发布日期:2025-10-23
通讯作者: 徐岳仁, 研究员。 E-mail: xuyr@ief.ac.cn
作者简介:赵昕雨(2000-), 女, 吉林松原人, 在读硕士研究生, 主要从事历史地震及地震次生灾害研究。 E-mail: zhaoxy0820@163.com
基金资助:
西藏自治区科技重大专项课题(XZ202201ZD0003G); 国家自然科学基金项目(42072248, 42041006); 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(CEAIEF2024030206); 新疆地质灾害防治重点实验室开放基金项目(XKLGP2022K01, XKLGP2022K02)

Volume Estimation of Loess Landslides Triggered by Strong Historical Earthquakes on the Loess Plateau: A Case Study of the Zhangling Landslide Induced by the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake in Shaanxi Province, Northwest China

ZHAO Xin-yu^1,2, XU Yue-ren^1,2, TIAN Qin-jian³, YUAN Rui-min^1,2, ZHANG Ji-yan^1,2

1. Key Laboratory of Earthquake Forecasting and Risk Assessment, Ministry of Emergency Management, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction (Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration), China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China;
3. China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing 100029, China

Received:2024-11-18 Revised:2025-01-13 Online:2025-07-31 Published:2025-10-23

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 准确估算黄土高原历史强震所触发黄土滑坡的体积, 对于深入探究强震致灾机理以及地震灾害链的链生效应具有极为重要的意义, 同时亦是定量评估地震在地表作用过程中所扮演角色的关键依据。本文选取1556年陕西华县M8.5特大地震极震区内的张岭滑坡为研究对象。张岭滑坡是一处被多种历史文献明确记载的典型同震滑坡, 前人估算其体积为1.0×10⁸m³。本研究利用无人机测绘(UAV)技术获取分辨率为0.2 m的数字高程模型(DEM)数据, 并结合Keyhole历史影像, 明确了滑坡的物源区、流通区及堆积区范围。通过椭球体模型法、表面体积法和剖面估算等多种方法, 测得张岭滑坡的体积上限为6.23×10⁶～11.7×10⁶ m³, 与前人结果相比小一个数量级。研究表明, 张岭滑坡的物源区发育于渭河右岸阶地陡坎坡面的风成黄土层内, 滑坡体积规模受黄土风成沉积厚度及其与下伏基岩地层界面的限制。此外, 本文对近年来学者对黄土高原滑坡体积估算的研究结果进行了对比分析, 指出利用UAV技术精确评估滑坡土方量时, 易受黄土沉积层厚度和坡面侵蚀影响, 存在一定的局限性, 这一问题在区域研究中具有普遍性。黄土滑坡的解译范围通常指其影响区范围, 但其体积估算需充分考虑物源区的规模及其受第四纪黄土沉积厚度和下伏基岩界面的控制作用。本研究为合理评估黄土高原同震滑坡特征提供了可靠的定量依据。

关键词: 1556年华县M8.5地震, 张岭滑坡, 黄土滑坡, 地震灾害链

Abstract: Accurately estimating the volume of loess landslides triggered by strong historical earthquakes on the Loess Plateau is crucial for a deeper understanding of earthquake-induced disaster mechanisms and the chain effects of seismic hazards. It also serves as an important indicator for quantitatively assessing the role of earthquakes in surface processes. This study focuses on the Zhangling Landslide (ZLLs), located within the epicentral region of the AD 1556 Huaxian M8.5 earthquake in Shaanxi Province. The Zhangling Landslide, a well-documented typical co-seismic landslide in historical records, was previously estimated to have a volume of 1.0×10⁸ m³. In this study, we employed contemporary UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) surveying technology and obtained a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a resolution of 0.2 meters. By integrating these data with Keyhole satellite imagery, we accurately delineated the source, transport, and accumulation zones of ZLLs. Utilizing multiple methods, including the ellipsoid model, surface volume method, and profile estimation, the volume of the ZLLs was determined to be in the range of 6.23×10⁶～11.7×10⁶ m³, which is an order of magnitude smaller than the previously reported estimates. The investigation reveals that the source area of the Zhangling landslide developed within aeolian loess layers on the steep slope of the right bank terrace of the Weihe River, with its volume constrained by both the thickness of aeolian loess deposits and the interface with underlying bedrock strata. Furthermore, this study also compares the estimation results of loess landslide volumes from other recent researches, highlighting that UAV-based assessments are limited by variations in loess deposit thickness and slope erosion, a common issue in regional studies. While landslide interpretation typically focuses on affected areas, volume estimation must fully consider the scale of source areas and their control mechanisms governed by Quaternary loess thickness and bedrock interfaces. This study provides a reliable quantitative basis for evaluating the characteristics of coseismic loess landslides on the Loess Plateau.

Key words: The 1556 Huaxian M8.5 earthquake, Zhangling landslide, Loess landslide, Earthquake disaster chains

中图分类号:

P315
P65

赵昕雨, 徐岳仁, 田勤俭, 袁瑞敏, 张济燕. 黄土高原历史强震触发黄土滑坡体积估算以1556年陕西华县大地震触发张岭滑坡为例[J]. 地震, 2025, 45(3): 54-72.

ZHAO Xin-yu, XU Yue-ren, TIAN Qin-jian, YUAN Rui-min, ZHANG Ji-yan. Volume Estimation of Loess Landslides Triggered by Strong Historical Earthquakes on the Loess Plateau: A Case Study of the Zhangling Landslide Induced by the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake in Shaanxi Province, Northwest China[J]. EARTHQUAKE, 2025, 45(3): 54-72.

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黄土高原历史强震触发黄土滑坡体积估算以1556年陕西华县大地震触发张岭滑坡为例

Volume Estimation of Loess Landslides Triggered by Strong Historical Earthquakes on the Loess Plateau: A Case Study of the Zhangling Landslide Induced by the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake in Shaanxi Province, Northwest China

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