基于高精度地基LiDAR技术的活动断层错断地貌研究以冷龙岭活动断裂带为例

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 高精度地形测量是活动断裂带定量研究的重要途径, 通过对强震活动形成的错断地貌进行测量分析, 可以估算断层位移, 分析断层破裂的历史过程, 揭示强震复发特征。激光雷达测距技术(LiDAR)为研究断层破裂特征提供了重要手段。选取青藏高原东北缘的冷龙岭活动断裂为研究目标, 利用地基LiDAR对一些典型错断地貌进行了测量, 并就地基LiDAR构建活动断层三维错断地貌的关键技术问题进行了分析。通过对测量得到的点云数据进行点云匹配、镶嵌、植物滤除以及不规则三角网建模处理, 得到了0.05 m空间分辨率的数字高程模型, 划分了地貌单元, 识别了断层陡坎与断层错断冲沟等地貌, 实现了对断裂微地貌形态的高清晰度三维再现, 并据此揭示了沿断裂带存在的多次地震事件, 断裂主要表现为左旋走滑活动, 并具有微小的倾滑运动分量。

关键词: 冷龙岭断裂, 点云数据, 不规则三角网, 数字高程模型

Abstract: High precision topography measurement is an important approach to quantitative study of active fault. Through the measurement and analysis of the typical offset landform formed by strong earthquakes, we estimated the fault displacement, analyzed the historical process of the fault rupture, and revealed the recurrence feature of the strong earthquakes.Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) provides an important method to the study of fault rupture characteristics. We selected the Lenglongling active fault in the NE Tibetan plateau as target, and measured its typical fault offset topography by terrestrial LiDAR. And the key technical problems of the construction of the 3-dimensional fault landform by LiDAR data are studied and analyzed. For the measured point cloud data, we conducted point cloud matching, mosaic, plant filtering and irregular triangular mesh modeling processing, and then the 0.05 m high-resolution digital elevation model was generated. To identify and divide the geomorphic units, we implemented high resolution 3D reconstruction to the micromorphology and fault geometry of ridge fracture. High precision topography measurement results of the different offset values reveal that the fault zone have experienced multi-seismic events, and the fault zone mainly behaves left-lateral strike-slip activity with a slight dip-slip motion component.

Key words: Fault landform, Terrestrial LiDAR measurement, Point cloud data, Triangulated irregular network, Digital elevation model, Lenglongling fault

中图分类号:

P315.7

康帅, 张景发, 崔效峰, 姜文亮, 焦其松. 基于高精度地基LiDAR技术的活动断层错断地貌研究以冷龙岭活动断裂带为例[J]. 地震, 2017, 37(3): 61-71.

KANG Shuai,ZHANG Jing-fa,CU Xiao-feng,JIANG Wen-liang,JIAO Qi-song. Offset Landform Caused by Active Fault based on High Precision Terrestrial LiDAR Data: A Case Study of the Lenglongling Active Fault Zone[J]. EARTHQUAKE, 2017, 37(3): 61-71.

参考文献

[1] Klinger Y, Etchebes M, Tapponnier P, et al. Characteristic slip for five great earthquakes along the Fuyun fault in China[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2011, 4(6): 389-392.
[2] 何宏林. 活动断层填图中的航片解译问题[J]. 地震地质, 2011, 33(4): 939-949.
[3] Guo H, Jiang W L, Xie X S. Late-Quaternary strong earthquakes on the seismogenic fault of the 1976 Tangshan M_S7.8 earthquake, Hebei, as revealed by drilling and trenching[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2011, 54(11): 1696-1715.
[4] Fonstad M A, Dietrich J T, Courville B C, et al. Topographic structure from motion: a new development in photogrammetric measurement[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2013, 38(4): 421-430.
[5] Johnson K, Nissen E, Saripalli S, et al. Rapid mapping of ultrafine fault zone topography with structure from motion[J]. Geosphere, 2014, 10(5): 969-986.
[6] 郭慧, 江娃利, 谢新生. 1976年唐山M_S7.8地震乐亭—滦南地区NW向地裂缝带赵滩点位调查[J]. 地震学报, 2016, 38(4): 644-655.
[7] Carter W E, Shrestha R L, Slatton K C. Geodetic laser scanning[J]. Physics Today, 2007, 60(12): 41.
[8] Haddad D E, Akciz S O, Arrowsmith J R, et al. Applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning to paleoseismology[J]. Geosphere, 2012, 8(4): 771-786.
[9] 刘静, 陈涛, 张培震, 等. 机载激光雷达扫描揭示海原断裂带微地貌的精细结构[J]. 科学通报, 2013, 58: 41-45.
[10] 陈涛, 张培震, 刘静, 等. 机载激光雷达技术与海原断裂带的精细地貌定量化研究[J]. 科学通报, 2014, 59: 1293-1304.
[11] 任治坤, 陈涛, 张会平, 等. LiDAR技术在活动构造研究中的应用[J]. 地质学报, 2014, (6): 1196-1207.
[12] 郑文俊, 雷启云, 杜鹏, 等. 激光雷达(LiDAR): 获取高精度古地震探槽信息的一种新技术[J]. 地震地质, 2015, 37(1): 232-241.
[13] Haugerud R, Harding D, Johnson S, et al. High-resolution LiDAR topography of Puget Lowland Washington—A bonanza for earth science[J]. Gsa Today, 2003, 13: 4-10.
[14] 袁小祥, 王晓青, 窦爱霞, 等. 基于地面LIDAR玉树地震地表破裂的三维建模分析[J]. 地震地质, 2012, 34(1): 39-46.
[15] Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, Meyer B, et al. Partitioning of crustal slip between linked, active faults in the eastern Qilian Shan, and evidence for a major seismic gap, the ‘Tianzhu gap’, on the western Haiyuan Fault, Gansu (China)[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 1995, 120(3): 599-645.
[16] Lasserre C, Morel P, Gaudemer Y, et al. Postglacial left slip rate and past occurrence of M≥8 earthquakes on the Western Haiyuan Fault, Gansu, China[M]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (1978—2012), 1999, 17633-17651.
[17] Zheng W J, Zhang P Z, He W G, et al. Transformation of displacement between strike-slip and crustal shortening in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from decadal GPS measurements and late Quaternary slip rates on faults[J]. Tectonophysics, 2011, 584(1): 267-280.
[18] 袁道阳, 张培震, 刘百篪, 等. 青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换[J]. 地质学报, 2004, 78(2): 270-278.
[19] 何文贵, 袁道阳, 葛伟鹏, 等. 祁连山活动断裂带中东段冷龙岭断裂滑动速率的精确厘定[J]. 地震, 2010, 30(1): 131-137.
[20] 邓起东, 张培震, 冉勇康, 等. 中国活动构造基本特征[J]. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 2002, 32(12): 1020-1030.
[21] Ren Z, Zhang Z, Chen T, et al. Clustering of offsets on the Haiyuan fault and their relationship to paleoearthquakes[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2015, 128(1).
[22] 张丽军. 基于LIDAR的康西瓦断裂晚第四纪滑动速率研究[D]. 中国地质大学(北京), 2013.
[23] 焦其松, 张景发, 蒋洪波, 等. 基于TLS技术的典型建筑物震害信息三维建模分析—以彭州市白鹿中学为例[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2016, 28(1): 166-171.
[24] 姚艳丽, 蒋胜平, 王红平. 基于地面三维激光扫描仪的滑坡整体变形监测方法[J]. 测绘地理信息, 2014, 39(1): 50-53.
[25] Hudnut K W. High-Resolution Topography along Surface Rupture of the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine, California, Earthquake (M_W7.1) from Airborne Laser Swath Mapping[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Amer, 2002, 92(4): 1570-1576.
[26] Zielke O, Arrowmith J, Grant Ludwig L, et al. Slip in the 1857 and earlier large earthquakes along the Carrizo Plain, San Andreas Fault[J]. Science, 2010, 327: 1119-1122.
[27] Zielke O, Arrowsmith J R. LaDiCaoz and LiDARimager-MATLAB GUIs for LiDAR data handling and lateral displacement measurement[J]. Geosphere, 2012, 8(1): 206-221.
[28] 何文贵, 刘百箎, 袁道阳, 等. 冷龙岭活动断裂的滑动速率研究[J]. 西北地震学报, 2000, 22(1): 90-97.