中国新疆北天山和台湾南部陆地泥火山研究进展

doi:10.12196/j.issn.1000-3274.2020.03.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在系统介绍中国新疆北天山地区和台湾南部地区泥火山研究进展的基础上, 对其地质特征进行了对比分析。结果显示, 北天山和台湾南部地区的泥火山均沿着断裂带分布, 主要位于背斜轴部, 泥火山分布区地层多出露为含泥岩层。对两个地区泥火山喷出物物理特征进行了对比分析, 固体喷发物的矿物成分相似, 如石英、蒙脱石等; 液体喷出物的泥浆温度与冒泡频率相近, 但最大气泡直径与气体流量有很大差别。又分别对两地区液体、气体喷出物的化学特征进行了对比分析, 液体喷出物均盐度高; 甲烷是大多数泥火山喷发气体的主要成分, 一些泥火山喷发的气体主要是二氧化碳。区域构造地质和气候条件不同, 导致两地泥火山喷出物存在差异。从现有研究来看, 两地泥火山的喷发都是岩层的孔隙压力增大造成的。两个地区泥火山与当地地震活动之间表现出良好的对应关系。泥火山的地球化学参数可能是地震活动的潜在指标。

关键词: 泥火山, 地球化学, 物理特征, 成因机制, 地震监测

Abstract: Based on the systematically introduction of the research progress, this paper comparatively analyses the geological characteristics of mud volcanoes between the southern Taiwan and the north Tianshan, Xinjiang province, including the eruption characteristics of the mud volcano in different states. The results show that the mud volcanoes in the study areas are all distributed along the fault zones, and mainly located in the anticlinal axis, which are mostly exposed to the mud-bearing layers. Besides, the geophysical characteristics show similarity in mineral compositions of the solid eruptions (quartz and montmorillonite etc.), the mud temperature of the liquid eruption, and the bubbling frequency between the aforementioned two study areas.The maximum bubble diameter and gas flow, in contrast, show obvious difference.Through comparatively analyzing the geochemical characteristics of liquid and gas eruption in the two regions, we find that the liquid eruption has the same characteristic of high salinity. Methane is the main content of the gas emissing from most of the mud volcanoes, but at volcanos carbon dioxide is the main content. The great difference in the eruptions from mud volcanoes in the two study areas, is considered to be the result of regional geological structures and climatic conditions. According to the current researches, the eruptions of mud volcanoes in both areas were caused by the increase of formation pressure. The geochemical mechanism of mud volcanoes is summarized and it has a good relationship with seismic activity, which shows that the geochemical parameters of mud volcanoes could be the potential indicators for the seismic activity.

Key words: Mud volcano, Geochemistry, Physical characteristics, Genetic mechanism, Seismic monitoring

中图分类号:

P315.7

蒋雨函, 高小其, 王阳洋, 张磊. 中国新疆北天山和台湾南部陆地泥火山研究进展[J]. 地震, 2020, 40(3): 65-82.

JIANG Yu-han, GAO Xiao-qi, WANG Yang-yang, ZHANG Lei. A Review of Researches on Land Mud Volcanoes in Northern Tianshan of Xinjiang and Southern Taiwan, China[J]. EARTHQUAKE, 2020, 40(3): 65-82.

参考文献

[1] 王道. 新疆北天山地区泥火山与地震[J]. 内陆地震, 2000, 14(4): 350-353.
WANG Dao. Mud volcanoes and earthquakes in North Tianshan, Xinjiang[J]. Inland Earthquake, 2000, 14(4): 350-353 (in Chinese).
[2] Kopf A J. Significance of mud volcanism[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2002, 40(2), 1005-1056.
[3] Dimitrov L I. Mud volcanoes—the most important pathway for degassing deeply buried sediments[J]. Earth Science Reviews, 2002, 59(1): 49-76.
[4] Milkov A V, Sassen R, Apanasovich T V, et al. Global gas flux from mud volcanoes: A significant source of fossil methane in the atmosphere and the ocean[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2003, 30(2), 1037-1040.
[5] Werne J P, Haese R R, Zitter T, et al. Life at cold seeps: A synthesis of biogeochemical and ecological data from Kazan mud volcano, eastern Mediterranean Sea[J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 205(3-4): 367-390.
[6] Mellors R, Kilb D, Aliyev A, et al. Correlations between earthquakes and large mud volcano eruptions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2007, 112(B4): B04304.
[7] 钟华邦. 我国的泥火山简述[J]. 地质科技情报, 1986, (2): 58-58.
ZHONG Hua-bang. Brief introduction of mud volcanoes in China[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 1986, (2): 58-58 (in Chinese).
[8] 戴金星, 吴小奇, 倪云燕, 等. 准噶尔盆地南缘泥火山天然气的地球化学特征[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2012, 42(2): 178-190.
DAI Jin-xing, WU Xiao-qi, NI Yun-yan, et al. Geochemical characteristics of natural gas from mud volcanoes in the southern Junggar Basin[J]. Science in China (Ser D), 2012, 42(2): 178-190 (in Chinese).
[9] 王道, 李茂玮, 李锰, 等. 新疆独山子泥火山喷发的初步研究[J]. 地震地质, 1997(1): 15-17.
WANG Dao, LI Mao-wei, LI Meng, et al. A preliminary study on eruption of the mudvolcano in Dushanzi, Xinjiang[J]. Seismology and Geology, 1997 (1): 15-17 (in Chinese).
[10] 何家雄, 崔洁, 翁荣南, 等. 台湾南部泥火山与伴生气地质地球化学特征及其油气地质意义[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2012, 23(2): 319-326.
HE Jia-xiong, CUI Jie, WENG Rong-nan, et al. Geology of mud volcanoes and geochemistry of southern Taiwan and its significance to petroleum geology[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2012, 23(2): 319-326 (in Chinese).
[11] 胡东生, 张华京. 青藏高原可可西里地区玛章错钦湖畔苟纠麦尕沟的泥火山机理雏议[J]. 干旱区地理, 1998, (3): 13-18.
HU Dong-sheng, ZHANG Hua-jing. A preliminary study on the mud volcanic mechanism of Goujium Aiga in Kekexili region, Qinghai Xizang Plateau[J]. Arid Land Geography, 1998, (3): 13-18 (in Chinese).
[12] 解超明, 李才, 李林庆, 等. 藏北羌塘中部首次发现泥火山[J]. 地质通报, 2009, 28(9): 1319-1324.
XIE Chao-ming, LI Cai, LI Lin-qing, et al. First discovery of mud volcanoes in central Qiangtang, northern Tibet, China[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2009, 28(9): 1319-1324 (in Chinese).
[13] 解超明, 李才, 吴彦旺, 等. 青藏高原羌塘中部泥火山喷发物中沥青脉饱和烃气相色谱特征及其油气地质意义[J]. 地质通报, 2012, 31(6): 977-978.
XIE Chao-ming, LI Cai, WU Yan-wang, et al. Gas chromatographic characteristics of asphalt vein saturated hydrocarbon in mud volcano effusive mass of middle Qiangtang area, Tibetan Plateau[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2012, 31(6): 977-978 (in Chinese).
[14] 冯兴雷, 付修根, 谭富文, 等. 羌塘盆地戈木错地区泥火山群沉积及浅表地球化学特征[J]. 沉积与特提斯地质, 2015, 35(1): 50-56.
FENG Xing-lei, FU Xiu-gen, TAN Fu-wen, et al. Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of the mud volcanoes in the Gemucuo Lake area, Qiangtang Basin, northern Xizang[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 2015, 35(1): 50-56 (in Chinese).
[15] 颜泽, 冯兴雷, 侯明才, 等. 羌塘盆地现代泥火山的发现及其油气地质意义[J]. 地质通报, 2018, 37(6): 1150-1156.
YAN Ze, FENG Xing-lei, HOU Ming-cai, et al. First discovery of modern mud volcanoes in Qiangtang Basin and its petroleum geological significance[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2018, 37(6): 1150-1156 (in Chinese).
[16] 陈秉范. 四川盆地式泥火山的发现[J]. 地质论评, 1946, 11(Z1): 65-70.
CHEN Bing-fan. Sichuan basin style mud volcanoes have been found[J]. Geological Review, 1946, 11(Z1): 65-70 (in Chinese).
[17] 何家雄, 祝有海, 马文宏, 等. 火山、泥火山/泥底辟及含气陷阱与油气运聚关系[J]. 中国地质, 2010, 37(6): 1720-1732.
HE Jia-xiong, ZHU You-hai, MA Wen-hong, et al. Volcanoes, mud volcanoes/mud diapers and gas traps and their relationship with oil and gas[J]. Geology in China, 2010, 37(6): 1720-1732 (in Chinese).
[18] 黄华谷, 邸鹏飞, 陈多福. 泥火山的全球分布和研究进展[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2011, 30(2): 189-197.
HUANG Hua-gu, DI Peng-fei, CHEN Duo-fu. Global distribution and research progress of mud volcanoes[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 2011, 30(2): 189-197 (in Chinese).
[19] 杨晓芳, 于红梅, 赵波, 等. 新疆北天山泥火山固体喷出物特征及成因机制初探[J]. 地震地质, 2014, 36(1): 123-136.
YANG Xiao-fang, YU Hong-mei, ZHAO Bo, et al. Study on the solid products from mud volcano in north Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang and discussion on its genetic mechanism[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2014, 36(1): 123-136 (in Chinese).
[20] 陈志, 杜建国, 李营, 等. 北天山地区泥火山流体特征变化与地震活动的关系初探[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2015, 15(20): 1-7.
CHEN Zhi, DU Jian-guo, LI Ying, et al. Relation between variations of characteristics of fluid from mud volcanoes and the earthquake activities in the North Tianshan[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2015, 15(20): 1-7 (in Chinese).
[21] 陈志, 李营, 汪成国, 等. 新疆温泉县泥火山喷发水的化学特征研究[J]. 四川地震, 2015, (2): 12-15.
CHEN Zhi, LI Ying, WANG Cheng-guo, et al. Geochemical characteristics of water from mud volcano in the Wenquan County, Xinjiang[J]. Earthquake Research in Sichuan, 2015, (2): 12-15 (in Chinese).
[22] 梁卉, 高小其, 向阳, 等. 新疆北天山艾其沟泥火山强震前显著喷涌现象及其变化机理分析[J]. 中国地震, 2018, 34(3): 534-544.
LIANG Hui, GAO Xiao-qi, XIANG Yang, et al. Significant gushing phenomenon and its changing mechanism before the strong earthquake of Aiqigou mud volcanoes in the North Tianshan, Xinjiang[J]. Earthquake Research in China, 2018, 34(3): 534-544 (in Chinese).
[23] 高小其, 梁卉, 王海涛, 等. 北天山地区泥火山的地球化学成因[J]. 地震地质, 2015, 37(4): 1215-1224.
GAO Xiao-qi, LIANG Hui, WANG Hai-tao, et al. Origin of the mud volcano in northern Tianshan constrained by geochemical investigation[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2015, 37(4): 1215-1224 (in Chinese).
[24] 高小其, 王海涛, 高国英, 等. 霍尔果斯泥火山活动与新疆地区中强以上地震活动关系的初步研究[J]. 地震地质, 2008, 30(2): 464-472.
GAO Xiao-qi, WANG Hai-tao, GAO Guo-ying, et al. Preliminary research on the relation between activities of Horgos mud volcanoes and mid strong earthquakes in Xinjiang[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2008, 30(2): 464-472 (in Chinese).
[25] 朱成英, 周晓成, 麻荣, 等. 2017年8月9日精河M_S6.6地震前乌苏泥火山群流体地球化学变化特征[J]. 地震地质, 2019, 41(4): 1060-1075.
ZHU Cheng-ying, ZHOU Xiao-cheng, MA Rong, et al. The fluid geochemical variation characteristics of the Wusu mud volcanoes before the Jinghe earthquake of M_S6.6 on August 9, 2017[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2019, 41(4): 1060-1075 (in Chinese).
[26] 朱婷婷, 陆现彩, 祝幼华, 等. 台湾西南部乌山顶泥火山的成因机制初探[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志, 2009, 28(5): 465-472.
ZHU Ting-ting, LU Xian-cai, ZHU You-hua, et al. A preliminary genetic study of the Wushanding mud volcano in southwestern Taiwan[J]. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 2009, 28(5): 465-472 (in Chinese).
[27] Yassir N A. Mud volcanoes and the behaviour of overpressured clays and silts[D]. London: University of London. 1989.
[28] Sun C H, Chang S C, Kuo C L, et al. Origins of Taiwan’s mud volcanoes: Evidence from geochemistry[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2010, 37(2): 105-116.
[29] Liu C S, Huang I L, Teng L S. Structural features off Southwestern Taiwan[J]. Marine Geology, 1997, 137: 305-319.
[30] Shih T. A survey of the active mud volcanoes in Taiwan and a study of their types and character of the mud[J]. Pet. Geol. Taiwan, 1967, 5: 259-311.
[31] Gieskes J M, You C F, Lee T, et al. Hydro-geochemistry of mud volcanoes in Taiwan[J]. Acta Geol. Taiwan, 1992, 30: 79-88, .
[32] Hsieh S. Subsurface geology and gravity anomalies of the Tainan and Chungchan structures of the coastal plain of SW Taiwan[J]. Pet. Geol. Taiwan, 1972, 10: 323-338, .
[33] 马骏. 奇特的台湾泥火山[J]. 地球, 1999, (2): 16-16.
MA Jun. Peculiar mud volcano in Taiwan[J]. The Earth, 1999, (2): 16-16 (in Chinese).
[34] 高小其. 新疆、台湾地区泥火山监测与地震预测的研究[C]. 2013年地震流体专业委员会学术年会会议摘要.中国地震学会地震流体专业委员会、河南省地震学会, 2013.
GAO Xiao-qi. Research on mud volcano monitoring and earthquake prediction in Xingjiang and Taiwan[C]. Summary of the 2013 Annual Conference of the Seismic Fluids Professional Committee. China Seismological Society Seismic Fluids Special Committee, Henan Seismological Society, 2013 (in Chinese).
[35] Mazzini A, Svensen H, Planke S, et al. When mud volcanoes sleep: Insight from seep geochemistry at the Dashgil mud volcano, Azerbaijan[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2009, 26(9): 1704-1715.
[36] You C, Gieskes J M, Lee T, et al. Geochemistry of mud volcano fluids in the Taiwan accretionary prism[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2004, 19(5): 695-707.
[37] Yang T F, Chou C Y, Chen C H, et al. Exhalation of radon and its carrier gases in SW Taiwan[J]. Radiation Measurements, 2003, 36(1-6): 425-429.
[38] Chen S, Hsu S, Wang Y, et al. Distribution and characters of the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes off southwest Taiwan[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2014, 92: 201-214.
[39] 范卫平, 郑雷清, 龚建华, 等. 泥火山的形成及其与油气的关系[J]. 吐哈油气, 2007, 12(1): 43-47.
FAN Wei-ping, ZHENG Lei-qing, GONG Jian-hua, et al. Forming of mud volcano and relation with hydrocarbon[J]. Tuha Oil & Gas, 2007, 12(1): 43-47 (in Chinese).
[40] 王海涛, 高小其, 李志海, 等. 新疆M_S6.0和M_S6.6两次地震前近场泥火山宏观异常现象[J]. 地震学报, 2014, 36(1): 139-145.
WANG Hai-tao, GAO Xiao-qi, LI Zhi-hai, et al. Abnormal phenomenon of a mud volcano in Wusu County before M_S6.0 and M_S6.6 earthquakes in Xinjiang[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2014, 36(1): 139-145 (in Chinese).
[41] 黄合竹. 泥火山喷发活动之研究以乌山顶与新养女湖为例[D]. 台南: 国立台南大学, 2007.
HUANG He-zhu. Study on mud volcano eruption: taking Wushanding and Xinyangnv Lake as examples[D]. Tainan: National University of Tainan, 2007.
[42] 吴唐竹. 乌山顶泥火山喷发活动之研究[D]. 高雄: 国立高雄师范大学, 2004.
WU Tang-zhu. Study on Wushanding mud volcano eruption[D]. Gaoxiong: National Kaohsiung Normal University, 2004.
[43] Motyka R J, Poreda R J, Jeffrey A W A . Geochemistry, isotopic composition, and origin of fluids emanating from mud volcanoes in the Copper River basin, Alaska[J]. Geochim. cosmochim. acta, 1989, 53(1): 29-41.
[44] 黄华谷, 李牛, 王钦贤, 等. 新疆独山子泥火山沉积物及孔隙水的地球化学特征与流体来源[J]. 大地构造与成矿学, 2015, 39(2): 325-333.
HUANG Hua-gu, LI Niu, WANG Qin-xian, et al. Geochemical Features and Origins of Pore Fluids and Sediments of the Mud Volcanoes in Southern Margin of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwestern China[J]. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 2015, 39(2): 325-333 (in Chinese).
[45] 陈志, 杜建国, 周晓成, 等. 2012年6月30日新源M_S6.6地震前后北天山泥火山及温泉的水化学变化[J]. 地震, 2014, 34(3): 97-107.
CHEN Zhi, DU Jian-guo, ZHOU Xiao-cheng, et al. Hydrochemical changes of North Tianshan mud volcanoes and hot springs before and after the Xinyuan M_S6.6 earthquake on June 30, 2012[J]. Earthquake, 2014, 34(3): 97-107 (in Chinese).
[46] Nakada R, Takahashi Y, Tsunogai U, et al. A geochemical study on mud volcanoes in the Junggar Basin, China[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2011, 26(7): 1065-1076.
[47] Chen Z, Li Y, Du J, et al. Carbon isotope variations in inorganic carbon materials: Implications for mud volcanic carbon cycling in the northern Tianshan fold zone, Xinjiang, China[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2018, 97: 32-39.
[48] Chen Z, Li Y, Liu Z, et al. CH₄ and CO₂ Emissions from Mud Volcanoes on the Southern Margin of the Junggar Basin, NW China: Origin, Output, and Relation to Regional Tectonics [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2019, 124(5): 5030-5044.
[49] 戴金星, 陈英. 中国生物气中烷烃组分的碳同位素特征及其鉴别标志[J]. 中国科学: B辑, 1993, 23(3): 303-310.
DAI Jin-xing, CHEN Ying. Carbon isotope characteristics and identification markers of alkanes in biogenic gases in China[J]. Chinese Science: Series B, 1993, 23(3): 303-310 (in Chinese).
[50] Rice D D. Generation, accumulation and resource potential of biogenic gas[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 1981, 65(1): 5-25.
[51] 戴金星, 李剑, 侯路. 鄂尔多斯盆地氦同位素的特征[J]. 高校地质学报, 2005, (4): 473-478.
DAI Jin-xing, LI Jian, HOU Lu. Characteristics of helium isotopes in the Ordos basin[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities, 2005, (4): 473-478 (in Chinese).
[52] Yang T F, Yeh G, Fu C, et al. Composition and exhalation flux of gases from mud volcanoes in Taiwan[J]. Environmental Geology, 2004, 46(8): 1003-1011.
[53] Chao H, You C, Sun C. Gases in Taiwan mud volcanoes: Chemical composition, methane carbon isotopes, and gas fluxes[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2010, 25(3): 428-436.
[54] Milkov A V. Worldwide Distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates[J]. Marine Geology, 2000, 167(1): 29-42.
[55] 李梦, 刘冬冬, 郭召杰. 准噶尔盆地南缘泥火山活动及其伴生油苗的地球化学特征和意义[J]. 高校地质学报, 2013, 19(3): 484-490.
LI Meng, LIU Dong-dong, GUO Zhao-jie. Geological characteristics of mud volcanoes and geochemical significance of the associated oil seepages in the Southern Junggar Basin[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities, 2013, 19(3): 484-490 (in Chinese).
[56] 张涛, 朱成英, 梁卉. 2016年12月8日呼图壁M_S6.2地震震前流体异常[J]. 内陆地震, 2017, 31(3): 253-258.
ZHANG Tao, ZHU Cheng-ying, LIANG Hui. Grpimd fluid anomalies before Hutubi earthquake with M_S6.2 on December 8th, 2016[J]. Inland Earthquake, 2017, 31(3): 253-258 (in Chinese).